1.华北理工大学冶金与能源学院,唐山 063210
2.唐山市特种冶金及材料制备重点实验室,唐山 063210
焦晓飞(2000—),男,硕士; E-mail: 13676962634@163.com; 收稿日期: 2024-05-28
倪国龙(1989—),男,博士,讲师; E-mail: ngl@ncst.cdu.cn
纸质出版:2025-01-30
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焦晓飞,李群,王栋甲等.高氮奥氏体不锈钢的研究进展及展望[J].特殊钢,2025,46(01):16-32.
Jiao Xiaofei,Li Qun,Wang Dongjia,et al.Research Progress and Prospect of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel[J].Special Steel,2025,46(01):16-32.
焦晓飞,李群,王栋甲等.高氮奥氏体不锈钢的研究进展及展望[J].特殊钢,2025,46(01):16-32. DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.2024-00140.
Jiao Xiaofei,Li Qun,Wang Dongjia,et al.Research Progress and Prospect of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel[J].Special Steel,2025,46(01):16-32. DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.2024-00140.
高氮奥氏体不锈钢强韧性高,耐磨耐蚀性强,同时,具有非铁磁性及良好的生物相容性。在海洋工程、能源化工、国防航空、生物医疗等诸多领域获得了广泛的关注。然而,其在制备过程中仍面临增氮水平控制不精确、高氮钢液凝固过程氮气易析出形成气孔,以及热加工过程中粗大氮化物析出等一系列问题与技术挑战,在一定程度上限制了其大规模发展与应用。本文系统性地阐述了高氮奥氏体不锈钢的发展现状、制备工艺及强化机理。首先,综述了高氮奥氏体不锈钢的国内外发展历史和研究现状;其次,对高氮奥氏体不锈钢的生产制备工艺进行了总结,概括了熔铸法制备工艺,如大熔池法、加压感应熔炼、加压钢包吹洗、加压电渣重熔以及加压等离子弧熔炼,并对其优缺点进行对比分析;此外,针对高氮奥氏体不锈钢粉末冶金制备工艺进行概述,包括机械合金化法、氮气雾化法、等离子旋转电极雾化法以及固态粉末渗氮法,并围绕粉末热等静压、放电等离子烧结、注射成型、热压烧结、冷压成型以及增材制造等成型工艺进行了总结。最后,探讨了氮在奥氏体不锈钢固溶强化、细晶强化、应变硬化、沉淀强化等强化机制方面的作用机理,并针对当前高氮奥氏体不锈钢在发展过程中存在的主要问题进行了探讨及展望。
High-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels exhibit high strength and toughness, strong wear and corrosion resistance, and also possess non-magnetic property along with excellent biocompatibility. These attributes have garnered them extensive attention across a variety of fields, including ocean engineering, energy and chemical industries, national defense and aviation, and biomedical applications. However, in the preparation process, it still faces a series of problems and technical challenges such as inaccurate control of nitrogen enrichment levels, easy precipitation of nitrogen during solidification of high-nitrogen steels to form pores, and precipitation of coarse nitrides during hot working, which limits its large-scale development and application to a certain extent. The development status, preparation process, and strengthening mechanisms of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel have been systematically elaborated in this paper. Firstly, a review of the domestic and international development history and current research status of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel are reviewed. Secondly, the production and preparation processes for high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel have been summarized, encapsulating various techniques for the melting-casting method. This includes a comparison and analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, such as the Larger Pool Method, Pressurized Induction Melting, Pressurized Ladle Blowing, Pressurized Electroslag Remelting, and Pressurized Plasma Arc Melting. Additionally, an overview of the powder metallurgy process for fabricating high nitrogen steel is presented, which includes methods such as Mechanical Alloying, Gas Atomization, Plasma Rotating Electrode Process, and Solid-state Powder Nitriding. Furthermore, a summary is provided around various forming processes including Hot Isostatic Pressing, Spark Plasma Sintering, Metal Injection Molding, Hot Pressing Sintering, Cold Pressing Forming, and Additive Manufacturing. Ultimately, the discourse delves into the mechanisms underlying nitrogen's fortification role in austenitic stainless steel, encompassing Solution Strengthening, Grain Refinement Strengthening, Strain Hardening, and Precipitation Hardening. Moreover, the dialogue addresses the predominant challenges encountered in the evolution of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel, proffering a prospective outlook on the field's advancement.
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