1.北京科技大学碳中和研究院,北京 100083
2.辽宁材料实验室钢铁再生技术研究所,沈阳 110167
潘晓坤(1998—),男,博士;E-mail: 2840811905@qq.com
张朝磊(1984—),男,博士,副教授;E-mail: zhangchaolei@ustb.edu.cn
收稿:2025-08-20,
修回:2025-09-12,
录用:2025-09-13,
纸质出版:2025-11-30
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潘晓坤,孙万利,闫建升等.钢铁材料合金化技术的发展现状及趋势[J].特殊钢,2025,46(06):24-31.
Pan Xiaokun,Sun Wanli,Yan Jiansheng,et al.The Development Status and Trends of Alloying Technology for Iron and Steel Materials[J].Special Steel,2025,46(06):24-31.
潘晓坤,孙万利,闫建升等.钢铁材料合金化技术的发展现状及趋势[J].特殊钢,2025,46(06):24-31. DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.N250518.
Pan Xiaokun,Sun Wanli,Yan Jiansheng,et al.The Development Status and Trends of Alloying Technology for Iron and Steel Materials[J].Special Steel,2025,46(06):24-31. DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.N250518.
钢铁材料合金化技术始于19世纪初法拉第等人对镍、铬等合金元素的系统性探索,历经经验积累、相图理论指导及微合金化等阶段,现已发展为可实现成分精准设计与性能调控的关键技术。当前,该技术正面临着持续合金化使材料成本急剧增加,对材料性能的提升作用逐渐趋于饱和;多数合金资源回收率不足1%,且近乎不可再生,过度依赖合金化可能引发国家资源安全问题;以及高度合金化使材料回收再利用愈发困难,与材料可持续再生循环利用相悖等问题与挑战。微合金化技术通过添加<0.1%Nb、V、Ti等元素可实现“减量增效”;低密度化实现了钢材轻量化与强塑性倒置关系的极限突破,其中,每添加1%的
w
[Al]可使钢材密度降低约1.4%,高锰钢在汽车领域的应用使得零部件减重15%~20%;混杂与归一化推动“一钢多用”与循环经济深度融合,780 MPa-980 MPa-1 180 MPa三个级别汽车零部件产品成分归一化降低了汽车制造的复杂性;素化通过位错等缺陷工程替代贵重合金元素。未来,合金化技术将朝着深度挖掘微合金元素协同效应、解决残余元素无害化调控、结合机器学习加速成分设计等方向演进,以实现“性能极限突破”与“全生命周期低碳化”协同发展,为全球钢铁行业碳中和目标提供技术支撑。
The alloying technology of steel materials originated in the early 19 th century with Faraday's systematic exploration of alloying elements such as nickel and chromium. It has evolved through stages of empirical accumulation, phase diagram theory guidance, and microalloying, and has now developed into a key technology enabling precise composition design and performance control. Currently, this technology faces several challenges: the continuous addition of alloying elements drastically increases material costs while the improvement in material performance tends to saturate; Most of alloy resources have a recovery rate of less than 1% and are nearly non-renewable, and excessive reliance on alloying may trigger national resource security concerns; Moreover, highly alloyed materials are increasingly difficult to recycle and reuse, which contradicts the goal of sustainable material regeneration and circular utilization. Microalloying technology achieves "doing more with less" by adding elements such as Nb, V, and Ti in amounts <0.1%. Low-density design breakthroughs the trade-off between lightweighting and strength-ductility synergy, where adding 1% mass fraction of Al reduces steel density by approximately 1.4%, and the application of high-manganese steel in automotive components leads to a weight reduction of 15%-20%. Hybrid and normalization strategies promote the deep integration of "one steel for multiple uses" and the circular economy, exemplified by the compositional unification of automotive components across 780 MPa, 980 MPa, and 1 180 MPa grades, which reduces the complexity of automotive manufacturing. Plain technology replaces precious alloy elements through defect engineering such as dislocations. In the future, alloying technology will evolve towards in-depth exploration of synergistic effects among microalloying elements, addressing the harmless control of residual elements, and incorporating machine learning to accelerate composition design. These advancements aim to achieve the synergistic development of "performance limit breakthroughs" and "full life-cycle low-carbonization," providing technical support for the global steel industry's carbon neutrality goals.
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