最新刊期
卷 44 ， 期 6 ， 2023
- 摘要：In this paper， the main research object is the deformed superalloys that have passed the national acceptance， identification or batch production， which are included in the China Superalloy Manual （2012 edition），through a large number of literature research， the role of Nb in deformed superalloys is summarized. The results show that Nb is not only the main solution strengthening element， but also the main precipitation strengthening element in superalloys. In the solution strengthened superalloy， NbC and Z-（Ni0.04Cr0.83Fe0.13）1.9（W0.15Mo0.09Nb0.76）3.3 N are mainly Nb formed， which can significantly improve the creep strength of the alloy， reduce the creep rate， and ensure the good welding process performance of the alloy； In precipitation strengthened superalloys γ′- Ni3（Al，Ti）、γ″-Ni3 Nb、δ-Ni3 Nb、ε- Ni3（Nb，Ti） and Laves-（FeCoNi）1.84（NbTiSi） etc are mainly Nb formed， and good comprehensive properties can be obtained by controlling the changes of the size， morphology and distribution of the precipitated phase. At present， nearly 30% of deformed superalloys are strengthened by Nb， and the development of modern superalloy materials has been inseparable from the participation of Nb.关键词：Nb;Wrought Superalloy;Solid Solution Strengthened Superalloy;Precipitation Strengthened Superalloy9|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Overview
- 摘要：A steel mill uses "KR hot metal desulfurization→90 t converter blowing →LF refining →RH refining→150 mm×150 mm billet continuous casting" process for industrial production of 09CuPCrNi weathering Steel（/%： 0.07-0.13C， 0.35-0.65Si， 0.70-1.00Mn， 0.065-0.150P，≤0.010S， 0.10-0.30Ni， 0.30-0.70Cr， 0.15-0.40Cu，≤0.040Al）. By the converter adopts a low slag content of 19 kg/t with a total amount of lime and dolomite， and the final slag binary alkalinity is controlled at 2-3 low alkalinity slag making. The low gun position blowing process with a blowing oxygen gun position of about 1.3 m achieves an endpoint w［P］ ≥ 0.065% . The refining process adopts aluminum strong deoxidation ， slag surface composite deoxidation to control the alkalinity of the refining slag by 7-9 and the calcium treatment of the ending of RH vacuum treatment and continuous casting weak cooling and other process measures successfully developed 09CuPCrNi weathering Steel . It has chemical composition stability and non-metallic inclusion level A≤1.0 grade， B≤1.5 grade， C ：0 grade ， D≤1.0 grade ， DS≤1.5 grade and high cleanliness. There are no cracks on the surface and low magnification of rolled products. The grain size>6 levels and all indicators meet the technical requirements.关键词：Weathering Steel;Converter Blowing;Low Alkalinity;Calcium Treatment;Cleanliness7|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The three typical problems of metallurgical quality defects of forged steel cold rolling work rolls， including inclusion exceeding the standard， carbide segregation and surface random defects （DRS）， were thoroughly studied and analyzed. By adopting the improved ESR sealing cover and atmosphere protection， the oxygen concentration was around 0.001 0%， and the inclusion exceeding rate was reduced by 4%-5%； Through the improvement of water quality and inlet water temperature by water cooling strengthening of electric slag， achieving a control range of inlet temperature of 15-35 ℃， inlet and outlet water temperature difference of 4-5 ℃， and a qualified rate of liquid carbide segregation was close to 100%； The specification of the ESR ingot was changed by the elongation of the ESR ingot， the DRS qualification rate for surface random defects has increased from 85% to 92%， and the metallurgical quality of the cold rolling roll is effectively improved.关键词：Metallurgical Quality of Cold Rolling Work Roll;Improvement of ESR Atmosphere Protection;Perfected of ESR Water Cooling Strengthening;Change of ESR Ingot Elongation3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The chemical composition of C97D2-E wire rod for MT grade steel cord was designed by increasing carbon content and Cr alloying to improve the strength of cord steel. A new solidification heat transfer model was established by using Scheil-Gulliver solidification micro-segregation theory to guide C97D2-E continuous casting process， and the defects of central segregation， porosity and internal crack of continuous casting slab were solved. After optimization， the carbon segregation index of semi-finished product can be controlled within 1.05. The air-cooling process was optimized by using specially designed tuyere nozzle and“optiflex” device of Stelmor ， after air-cooling process optimization， the spacing between the layers of wire rod sorbite was obviously reduced， and the sorbite plate was more straight， the lamellar space of the rod was controlled at 89 nm， the particle size of the pearlite was more uniform and smaller， and the size of the pearlite was controlled at 20 μm； the tensile strength of finished steel wire reached 4 089 MPa， there was no delamination during torsion and no broken wire during laying to 5 000 m， which can meet the requirements of 2×0.30 MT steel cord.关键词：Wire Rod for MT Grade Steel Cord;Soft Reduction;Segregation;Pearlite Nodule;Soxtenite Lamellar Spacing117|3|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Product Research and Development
- 摘要：In response to the difficulties of low calcium yield and unstable effect in the calcium treatment process of molten steel， a precise calcium treatment model was established， and a guidance software of precise calcium treatment was developed and applied to the calcium treatment practice of special steel for the inclusion control in the current study. The Wagner model was used to calculate the activity of components in molten steel， and the ion molecule coexistence theory was used to calculate the activity of components in liquid inclusions. Then， the thermodynamic equilibrium was solved based on the principle of minimum system free energy to obtain the changes in steel composition and inclusion composition. At the same time， a deep neural network model was established to accurately predict the calcium yield during calcium treatment. On the basis， an online control software for precise calcium treatment of molten steel has been developed with the aim of precise control of inclusion composition. Based on actual operating conditions such as molten steel composition and temperature， combined with relevant on-site operation parameters， a reasonable length of calcium cored wire can be calculated. This guidance software has been well applied in the production of special steels and can provide online and accurate guidance for calcium treatment operations in the actual production process which can improve the efficiency of calcium treatment process， reduce the consumption of calcium containing alloys as well as promote the green development of special steel production. Industrial experiments were conducted on 45Mn steel， based on the calculation results of precise calcium treatment software， the length of the calcium feeding line was reduced from the range of 320-350 m to 200 m， which can effectively modify inclusions in the steel into liquid state. The industrial test results were in good agreement with calculation results.关键词：Precise Calcium Treatment;Online Guidance Software;Thermodynamic;Inclusion Control;Special Steel2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Thermo-Calc （TC）thermodynamic calculation software and TCNI10 professional nickel-based alloy database were used to calculate and analyze the phase transition paths during the equilibrium solidification and cooling process of CW12MW and CW6MC cast nickel-based alloys，as well as the effects of the main alloy elements of these two alloys on the vertical section phase diagrams of equilibrium systems.The results indicate that the phase transition paths during the equilibrium solidification and cooling process of nickel-based alloy CW12MW are respectively： Liquid→Liquid+Austenite→Liquid+Austenite+M6C-carbide→Austenite+M6C-carbide→Austenite+M6C-carbide+Sigma→Austenite+M6C-carbide+Sigma+M23C6-carbide→Austenite+M6C-carbide+Sigma+M23C6-carbide+Mu_phase→Austenite+Sigma+M23C6-carbide+Mu_phase，the main intermetallic phases precipitated are Sigma phase and Mu phase during equilibrium transition process，and their maximum molar fractions are 0.27 and 0.003 7，respectively，Cr、Mo and W elements mainly promote the formation and stability of Sigma phase and Mu_phase.The phase transition paths during equilibrium solidification and cooling process of cast nickel-based alloy CW6MC are respectively：Liquid→Liquid+Austenite→Liquid+Austenite+γ′-Ni3（Al，Ti）→Austenite+γ′-Ni3（Al，Ti）→Austenite+γ′-Ni3（Al，Ti）+Sigma→Austenite+γ′-Ni3（Al，Ti）+Sigma+δ-Ni3Nb→Austenite+γ′-Ni3（Al，Ti）+Sigma+δ-Ni3Nb+M23C6-carbide→Austenite+Sigma+δ-Ni3Nb+M23C6-carbide→Austenite+Sigma+δ-Ni3Nb+M23C6-carbide+P_phase→Austenite+δ-Ni3Nb+M23C6-carbide+P_phase，the main precipitated intermetallic phases are Sigma phase and P_phase during equilibrium transition process， and their maximum phase molar fractions are as high as 0.17 and 0.25， respectively. The increase of Mo content is beneficial to the formation and stability of Sigma phase， and the increase of Nb content mainly promotes the precipitation tendency of δ-Ni3Nb phase.The results of theoretical calculation and production practice show that the optimum solution temperatures of casting nickel-based alloy CW12MW and CW6MC are （1 230±14）℃ and （1 200±14）℃，respectively.关键词：Casting Nickel-based Alloy;CW12MW;CW6MC;Thermodynamic Calculation;Equilibrium Solidification and Phase Transition;Precipitated Phase2|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In order to improve the end point temperature control level of molten steel in LF refining， a combined method based on principal component analysis （ PCA ） and BP neural network was proposed to predict the end-point temperature of molten steel in LF ladle furnace.Based on the metallurgical theory and practical production practices， 10 factors that have significant influence on the endpoint temperature of 42CrMo steel production process were selected as the index system of the prediction model.Then the data were processed by principle component analysis， and seven principal component variables were obtained. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 87.24 %， and the correlation between the data was eliminated.Based on this， a prediction model of end point temperature of LF furnace based on PCA-BP neural network was established. When the prediction error of the model is within ± 25 °C， the hit rate of the model is 98.71 %. The model has good recognition ability and can achieve the purpose of predicting the end point temperature of LF furnace production process.关键词：Principal Component Analysis;BP Neural Network;Endpoint Temperature Prediction4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In view of the low free-opening rate of 100 t Electric Arc Furnace （EAF） in a factory， using Fluent software to study the flow characteristics of liquid bath with different deflection angles of oxygen lance. It is found that when the deflection angle of oxygen lance increases from 0° to 30°， the EBT dead zone is virtually eliminated， but the impact strength of molten steel on furnace wall increases by 148.4%. In order to balance the impact strength of furnace wall and liquid bath stirring， the optimization scheme of 1#， 3# and 4# oxygen lance deflection of 10° and 2# oxygen lance deflection of 30° is determined. The practice shows that the free-opening rate increases from 75.2% to 95.6%， the average tapping temperature is reduced by 6 ℃.The application data on ML08Al steel show that the end-point oxygen in molten steel is reduced by 20.9%， and the end-point T.Fe content mass fraction in slag is reduced by 21.6%.关键词：Electric Arc Furnace;Oxygen Lance;Numerical Simulation;Deflection Angle;Liquid Bath Stirring2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In the refining production of LF-RH of 42CrMoA alloy structural steel， the original production process and the industrial test technology of steel inclusion removal by nitrogen addition and release method were carried out， and the good experimental results were obtained. Through systematic sampling， it was found that adding nitrogen through bottom blowing during the LF refining process can increase T［N］ in the steel to 260 × 10-6， and meet the demand of nitrogen release in the form of bubbles during RH vacuum refining process； Nitrogen addition and release method also had good total oxygen removal effects， after RH vacuum treatment， the average T［O］ content reduction can reach 37.4%； Nitrogen addition and release method also had good inclusion removal effect， the number of inclusion per unit area can be reduced from the original 8.771 pieces / mm2 to 3.585 pieces / mm2 after treatment， and the removal rate can reach 34.6%； In all kinds of inclusions， nitrogen extraction method had the highest removal efficiency of alumina inclusion， the proportion of Al2O3 inclusion in steel can be reduced from 83% to 74% after treatment， which effectively improved the cleanliness of 42CrMoA alloy structural steel.关键词：Nitrogen Addition and Release Method;Increase Nitrogen;Inclusions;Total Oxygen;RH Refining;42CrMoA Steel2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Taking the chromium drainage sand for continuous casting of a steel plant as the research object， the classical drop method is adopted to study the influence of the commonly used chromium drainage sand on the wetting and erosion behavior of the sliding water inlet material （mainly MgO-C material）， and to explore the wetting and erosion mechanism of chromium drainage sand on sliding nozzle materials.The results show that the erosion degree of chromium drainage sand on MgO-C refractory is more serious， Cr and Si elements in chromium drainage sand can enter the MgO-C refractory through dissolution and diffusion， and cause damage to the refractory matrix.For the chromium drainage sand （w［C］ is about 6%） used in this experiment， MgO-C refractory with 12% carbon content and the contact angle 71.9°with drainage sand is more prone to wetting and erosion by drainage sand than MgO-C refractory with 8% carbon content and the contact angle 93.9°with drainage sand. Therefore， sliding nozzle materials with low carbon content should be selected as far as possible when using this chromium drainage sand for continuous casting production，which is more conducive to the smooth casting.关键词：Drainage Sand;Slide Gate;MgO-C Refractory;Wetting;Corrosion3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：High carbon steel such as heavy rail steel and bearing steel are smelted by converter， the traditional low-high-low three-stage smelting mode is adopted for oxygen lance control. Because lime is difficult to melt in the early stage， splash intensifies in the middle stage and loses the opportunity of dephosphorization with high alkalinity in the later stage， the splash rate is high in the smelting and the qualified rate of carbon turndown at end-point is low. In order to solve this problem， a new high-low-low-high-low five-stage new smelting model is adopted by analyzing the smelting process. The results show that the splash rate is obviously reduced from 20%～30% to less than 15%， and the qualified rate of carbon turndown at end-point is greatly increased from 69.06% to 93.55%.关键词：Converter;Heavy Rail Steel;Dephosphorization;High Oxygen Potential Smelting Method;Saturated Smelting Method;Melting Slag when Dropping Lance;Washing Slag Smelting Method;All-Liquid Smelting Method2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：During the process of non-protective atmosphere electroslag remelting of 9CrMoCoB steel， Iron oxide scale generated from the oxidation of the electrode surface are introduced into the slag pool ， as a result the oxygen potential of the slag pool increases and easily oxidized elements in the metal melt pool burns seriously. In order to reduce the oxygen potential of the slag pool and improve the yield rate of easily oxidized elements， appropriate deoxygenation agent should be added to the steel during the smelting process. Firstly， the high-temperature oxidation behavior of 9CrMoCoB steel at different temperatures was studied by using a thermogravimetric analyzer， and corresponding oxidation kinetics were established； Secondly， XRD and SEM-EDS analyses were conducted on the oxide scale of the sample； Finally， based on the above experiments and the temperature distribution on the electrode surface in the process of ESR in non protective atmosphere， a better deoxidation system was proposed. The results indicate that the weight gain at low-temperature oxidation （500-700 ℃） can be ignored； The weight gain at medium temperature oxidation （900-1 000 ℃） consists of two stages： the linear law stage of rapid oxidation period and the parabolic law stage of diffusion control； The weight gain during oxidation at high temperatures （1 100-1 200 ℃） follows a parabolic pattern. At different temperatures， the high-temperature oxidation rate of 9CrMoCoB steel is
- 摘要：In order to reduce the harm of B-type and D-type inclusions in Al deoxidized GCr15 bearing steel， a comparative industrial experimental study was conducted on refining VD low alkalinity slag and normal alkalinity slag. The results showed that when refining slag alkalinity was reduced from 9.34 to 1.96， the proportion of plastic inclusions in the steel increased from 14.81 % to 40.65 %. As the same time， the content of total oxygen （T. O） decreased from 7.7 × 10-6 to 4.9 × 10-6； the content of total aluminum （T. Al） and acid-soluble aluminum （AlS） decreased from 279 × 10-6 and 210 × 10-6 respectively to 80 × 10-6 and 75 × 10-6. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the increase of ［Si］ activity in the liquid steel causes the decrease of Al2O3（inc） content in the composite inclusion， and the acid soluble aluminum （AlS） content in the steel falls within the range of equal aluminum concetration lines corresponding to plastic inclusions， the theoretical calculations are consistent with experimental results. The VD refining with low basicity slag is beneficial for achieving control over the plasticization of inclusions in bearing steel.关键词：GCr15 Bearing Steel;Inclusions;Plasticity;VD Low Basicity Slag2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In order to solve the problem of high sealing rate of inclusions and bubble defects in IF steel with high drawing speed， the effects of immersion depth and drawing speed on the flow field of mold were studied by numerical simulation. The results show that under condition of the electromagnetic stirring current intensity 600 A and frequency 3.5 Hz， with the casting speed increases， the active index of free liquid level shows a trend of first increasing， then decreasing and then increasing. At the casting speed about 1.05 m/min， max value is up to 0.67， at the casting speed about 1.6 m/min， the minimum value is 0.35， the flow-field uniformity index is slightly reduced， the best free liquid level active index is 0.5 ± 0.05； When the casting speed is below 1.0 m/min， with the SEN immersion depth increases， the free liquid surface active index gradually increases to 0.40； When the casting speed is greater than 1.0 m/min， with the SEN immersion depth increases， The free liquid surface active index index gradually decreases； When the casting speed is greater than 1.4 m/min， with the SEN immersion depth increases， the free liquid level active index drops sharply to 0.37； After the optimization of mold electromagnetic stirring process of IF steel ， the average sealing rate of inclusions and bubble defects in the casting billet decrease by 4%， and remarkable results are obtained.关键词：Interstitial Free Steel;High Casting Speed;Mold Electromagnetic Stirring;Numerical Simulation;Mold Flow Field;Inclusion;Bubble2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Smelting and Solidification
- 摘要：The heating process of 4140 alloy steel pipe in the walking beam reheating furnace was studied by means of experiment and three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation， the temperature change and distribution of the pipe were analyzed. The results showed that the temperature of the head of the steel pipe entering the furnace first was 30-50 ℃ higher than that of the middle and tail part，and there was uneven heating phenomenon along the circumference of the steel pipe. When the temperature exceeded 800 ℃，the temperature difference between each part of the pipe gradually decreased，and the overall temperature tended to be uniform. Below the austenitizing temperature，the heating rate gradually decreased from 0.35 ℃/s to 0 ℃/s，and when the austenitization was complete，it increased slightly and then decreased again. Compared to the middle section， the temperature was higher at both the end and the head of the steel pipe，and the influencing area was less than 200 mm. When the temperature was about 400 ℃，the temperature difference between the end surface and the middle was the largest，reaching 117 ℃. However，the temperature difference gradually decreased to less than 2 ℃ at the end of the calculation. The simulation results were in good agreement with the measured value. When the inner surface of the steel pipe was treated as adiabatic boundary， it had relatively little influence on the temperature，which could make it possible to simplify the model roughly.关键词：Reheating Furnace;Temperature Field;Pipe;Finite Element Method;Simulation2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In this paper ， the microstructure of Inconel 783 alloy
- 摘要：The effects of heating temperature and holding time on austenitic grain growth behavior of 34CrNi3MoV steel were studied by heat treatment test and metallography.The results show that the effect of heating temperature on austenitic grain size of 34CrNi3MoV steel is particularly significant， and the grain size increases gradually with the increase of heating temperature （900-1 200 ℃）. In the case of initial grain size， both 900 ℃ holding for 30 min（12.1 μm） and 950 ℃ holding for 10 min （15.1 μm） have little difference with the original grain size level， and 1 050 ℃ holding for 30 min（37.8 μm）， The activation energy Q of grain growth of 34CrNi3MoV steel is 176.6 kJ/mol when the grain size is 3.35 times of the original grain size. With the extension of holding time， the influence of heating temperature on austenite grain size becomes weaker and weaker. At 950 ℃， the critical holding time for grain growth is about 90 min. At 1 050 ℃， the critical holding time is about 30 min. The higher the heating temperature， the slower the grain growth after reaching the critical holding time. The heating temperature is 850-950 ℃ and the holding time is 60-180 min， which can make the average grain size of 34CrNi3MoV steel controlled in 22.5-44.9 μm（national standard 8.0-6.0） and meet the requirements.关键词：34CrNi3MoV Steel;Austenite Grain Size;Activation Energy;Grain Size2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Investigated the effects of three different methods of cold treatment （air cooling to room temperature， 0 ℃ ice water treatment ， -73 ℃ cryogenic treatment） on the microstructure and properties of S46500 ultra high strength stainless steel after solid solution holding at 982 ℃ and aging treatment at 510 ℃/4 h . The results showed that： After -73 ℃ cryogenic cooling treatment， the tensile strength and yield strength were increased respectively by 292 MPa and 295 MPa， compared to the sample cooled to room temperature. Plasticity and toughness decreased slightly， elongation reduced from 13% （room temperature） to 10.5% （cryogenic temperature）. The impact was reduced from 64 J （room temperature） to 48 J （cryogenic temperature） .With the decrease of cold treatment temperature， the reverse austenite content gradually decreased， and the austenite content decreased from 8.2% to 6.6% compared with that of cryogenic temperature at room temperature .关键词：S46500 Stainless Steel;Cold Treatment;Mechanical Property;Austenite Content4|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The solidification test of 60Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was carried out by laser confocal microscope at the cooling rate of 5-60 ℃/min， and the secondary dendrite spacing and carbide precipitation morphology were observed by metallographic microscope， the area ratio of eutectic letensite was measured by image processing software. The results show that different from the thermodynamic equilibrium state calculated by Thermo-Calc， no ferritic phase is found to precipitate in the liquid phase during the solidification process， and then the peritectic reaction between the ferrite phase and the liquid phase form austenite phase. Instead， the austenite phase is precipitated directly from the liquid phase， and the rich solute liquid phase is excreted as the austenite gradually grew. Eutectic transformation occurs in the rich solute liquid phase to form Letenite. The secondary dendrite spacing is related to the cooling rate by
Forming and Phase Transition
- 摘要：Hydrogen （H） is one of the important factors which causing the failure of steel materials. In this paper microscopic defect observation， hydrogen charging experiment and defect statistics of C56E2 steel were studied， the results show that H in C56E2 steel can cause inclusion / matrix interface cavity， which could be inherited to the final material ， heat treatment including quenching， tempering， could not improve those micro-defects. The average inclusion/matrix interface debonding ratio （AIDR） decreased with increased the equivalent diffusion distance of hydrogen， the correlation is strong and without any uniform rule between the descending slope and H charging time. There was not any obviously rule between AIDR and H charging time， the AIDR is increasing with the increase of the first and second peak periods and the total hydrogen content， and the correlation is weak . In the process of hydrogen charging， H diffused in the direction of H concentration decreased， the H charging time （≤216 h） applied in this paper was far from the time which required for the effect of H breaking to the steel. H in the deep inner of the sample was much lower than the max which could be reach， and transformed and broken to the steel incompletely.关键词：Middle Carbon Bearing Steel;Inclusion;H Charging;Micro-defect2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
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