最新刊期
卷 44 ， 期 5 ， 2023
Foreword
- 摘要：According to the analysis and assumption of the low-carbon development of the iron and steel industry， the future iron and steel production and manufacturing processes will gradually evolve into three categories： blast furnace-converter long process， all-scrap electric arc furnace short process and hydrogen metallurgy-electric furnace process.The key factors affecting the carbon emission level of the three types of processes include process structure， raw material structure， energy structure， product structure， equipment level， management level， technical level， etc. This paper uses the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" analysis model （CISRI-CPCN） constructed by China Iron and Steel Research Institute to draw a carbon reduction roadmap for the three types of processes.The research results show that the carbon emission of the three types of processes decreases annually. From 2020 to 2060， the CO2 emission of the long process will be reduced from 2.0 t/t （steel） to 0.87 t/t （steel）， and carbon neutrality can be achieved through carbon sinks， carbon trading and other means. In 2050， the short process will be reduced from 0.45 t/t （steel） to close to 0， which is expected to achieve "near-zero carbon" smelting. In 2060， the hydrogen metallurgical electric arc furnace process （50% scrap steel + 50% hydrogen direct reduced iron raw material structure） will be reduced from 1.31 t/t （steel） to close to 0， basically achieving carbon neutrality. Comprehensively considering the development needs of the national economy， it is recommended that the steel industry gradually adjust the product structure of the three types of processes in the development of steel industry reduction in the future. The product structure of the long process should gradually transform into the production of flat products， especially high-end flat products， which are mainly distributed in coastal deep-water port areas. The short process should take the long products for construction as the entry point， gradually replace the small and medium-sized blast furnace-converter process， and partially produce single varieties such as combined steel and other high-quality special steel or stainless steel， mainly in the layout around cities with rich scrap steel resources. At present， the hydrogen metallurgy-electric furnace process is still in the stage of exploration and development， and many difficulties in green hydrogen， economy， technical reliability and engineering needed to be overcome.关键词：Steel Manufacturing;Process Structure;All-scrap Electric Furnace;Hydrogen Metallurgy;Low-carbon Development8|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Using CO2 in steelmaking process can realize the utilization of CO2 resources， which is a green， low cost， high efficiency and easy to achieve smelting technology. This article was based on the application of steelmaking CO2 technology， the development and application of CO2 in the converter and electric arc furnace in recent years were introduced. According to the domestic steel enterprises actual production situation， the practical effects of resource application of CO2 in energy-saving， consumption reducing， and improving the quality of molten steel in steelmaking process were summarized. It also analyzed the current application status of CO2 gas as reaction gas， stirring gas， etc. in steelmaking process. Application of CO2 in steelmaking process had the advantages of lower cost， better thermodynamic conditions， stronger stirring ability， and higher gas calorific value， the application prospects can be very broad. The research results indicate that application of CO2 in steelmaking process can increase the dephosphorization rate of molten iron by 5% to 7%， and save production costs of over 9 yuan per ton of steel. Resource application of CO2 in steelmaking process will be one of the key research directions for achieving higher efficiency and lower cost emission reduction in China’s iron and steel industry. Based on an estimated annual output of crude steel of 1 billion tons in China， application of CO2 in steelmaking process can reduce the total CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry about 5%.关键词：CO2;Steelmaking;Resource Application;Energy-saving and Consumption Reducing3|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Spray forming is an advanced process technology for preparing high-performance and high alloy tool steel， which has the advantages of short process， low cost， and green technology. At present， the application of spray forming in high alloy tool steel in China has gradually achieved large-scale industrialization. This article focuses on the development and research progress of spray formed high alloy tool steel both domestically and internationally； Summarized the microstructure and mechanical properties of spray formed high-speed steel and mold steel； and proposed that the future development of spray forming technology in high alloy tool steel should focus on using digital and intelligent manufacturing technologies to further improve product quality and performance stability. To systematically study and establish the relationship between alloy composition， process parameters， microstructure and property characteristics and service application， and exploring new processes and methods to leverage the technological advantages and application prospects of spray forming.关键词：Spray Forming Technology;Tool Steel;Microstructure Characteristic;Mechanical Properties4|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Additive manufacturing （AM） of high-strength steels has become one of the main technological directions in the field of metal additive manufacturing. Firstly the research progress and frontier dynamics of AM metallic materials and technologies are traced， the relevant studies on the key grades of three types high-strength steels has been analyzed respectively， including low alloy ultrahigh-strength steels， high alloy ultrahigh-strength steels and stainless high-strength steels， the relative works on powder metallurgy， printing process， heat treatment， microstructure and mechanical properties of various typical high strength steel have been summarized in detail.Secondly it focuses on the typical applications and main achievements of AM high-strength steels at home and abroad. Furthermore， in view of current shortcomings in the development of the system establishment of AM high-strength steels， relevant suggestions are put forward in three aspects including the forward design and research of special alloys， the development of large-scale high-precision and intelligent facilities， and the system construction of standards. Based on the analysis of research and application progress of AM high-strength steels， the focus of key areas direction and the further development trend of relevent technologies are proposed， in order to further promote the industrial application of AM high-strength steel.关键词：Additive Manufacturing （AM）;High Strength Steels;Manufacturing Processes;Microstructure;Mechanical Properties2|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The technical characteristics of electric arc furnace steelmaking with direct reduced iron as a substitute for scrap steel are analyzed， and the main factors affecting the smelting power consumption are expounded . The results indicate that a large amount of steel left in melting pool （≥ 40%） and intensive mixing such as enhanced oxygen supply， bottom blowing， and electromagnetic stirring are important ways to promote melting and shorten the tap-to-tap cycle （which can be shortened by 8%-10%）. The proportion of direct reducing iron exceeds 30%， continuous feeding should be used. The feeding speed in the early and middle stages of smelting is generally equal to the melting speed of 28-33 kg/min （power supply power is 1 MW）. It is necessary to match lime and dolomite to prevent the erosion of slag line， and the whole smelting process should be sprayed with carbon foam slag to ensure the power supply efficiency. To reduce power consumption of smelting， direct reduction iron with high C content， high metallization rate， low SiO2 content， low P content， low S content， and higher temperature should be used as much as possible within a certain suitable range （that is， w［C］ 1%-4.5%， metallization rate ≥ 90%， w［SiO2］ ≤ 6%， w［P］ ≤ 0.1%， w［S］ ≤ 0.04%）. The compact short process combining direct reduction iron vertical furnace and electric arc furnace is an important direction for low-carbon， energy-saving， and clean production.关键词：Electric Arc Furnace （EAF）;Direct Reduction Iron;Power Consumption;Low Carbon and Energy-saving;Purification2|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Overview
- 摘要：Daye Special Steel trial-produced
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Research and Development of YL82B-QM High-strength Steel Strand by On-line Heat Treatment Technology
摘要：By adjusting the composition of the steelmaking process， reducing the V content from 0.09% to 0.005%， Cr content from 0.28% to 0.05%， Mn content from 0.85% to 0.70%. In the case of reduced alloy elements， ϕ15 mm YL82B-QM high-strength steel strand produced by adjusting the soft reduction during continuous casting process， on-line heat treatment technology （spinning temperature 890-910 ℃， salt tank temperature 510-520 ℃）， the average tensile strength reached 1 227 MPa， shrinkage of across section of 39.3%， soxtization rate 98%， the same circle strength is within 40 MPa， crystal boundary carburizing and cardiac martensite level 1.0 or below. Compared with the traditional Cr， V alloying ϕ15 mm YL82B-V air-cooled wire rod， the wire rod performance is better， reduces the amount of alloy composition， and does not require fan cooling， greatly reduces energy consumption， truly achieves green industrial production. The wire rod is used for the production of ϕ10 mm 1 570 MPa grade sleeper steel wire. The customer has verified that the steel wire tensile strength， elongation， bending and other important indicators meet the standard requirements.关键词：In-line Heat Treatment;YL82B-QM;High Strength Steel Strand;Sleeper Steel Wire2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21 - 摘要：Based on the requirements of 400 km/h high-speed railway for high fatigue properties of axles， the mechanism of ultra-high fatigue performance of axle was analyze， the key to high fatigue performance was the size of fine carbide and martensite lath. The microstructure parameters such as the width of martensitic lath sheaf ， the distribution of precipitated phases were determined as key control units affecting the yield strength of high-speed railway axle steel. The target microstructure of high-speed railway axle steel was designed， and the optimal alloy composition of 400 km/h high-speed railway axle steel was determined by high-throughput calculation. The developed high-speed rail axle with a speed of 400 km/h had good strength and toughness matching after quenching at 850-950 ℃ and high-temperature tempering at 620 ℃， with a tensile strength greater than 880 MPa and an impact energy of 180 J at -40 ℃. At the same time， the grain size and carbide size of the axle treated by this process are fine， and the grain size is refined to 9.0 level. Both high cycle and ultra-high cycle fatigue performance met the standards. After the overall heat treatment of the axle， the ultra-high cycle fatigue test of the small-sized sample was stable to level 3， and the fatigue limit was 517 MPa at 108 cycles， indicating a high fatigue limit. The overall fatigue performance of the axle was predicted through the sample reduction of the axle， and the predicted values were in good agreement with the actual values. The axle as a whole passed 107 cycles of fatigue assessment under a test force of 320 MPa.关键词：400 km/h High-speed Railway Axle Steel;High Cycle Fatigue;Ultra-high Cycle Fatigue;Microstructure2|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：According to the research and production status of 300M steel for commercial aircraft landing gear in China， the production process and fatigue properties of 300M steel by single vacuum melting process in China are introduced. The relation of fatigue strength， tensile strength and fracture toughness， and fatigue crack source inclusion species of 300M steel for domestic commercial aircraft landing gear are analyzed， and the market potential， future green development direction of 300M steel for commercial aircraft landing gear in China is prospected. Through research and tackle key problems， China has formed 300M steel technology by single vacuum smelting for commercial aircraft landing gear. Fushun Special steel and Bao Wu Special Metallurgy have established process production system with mass production capacity on 300M steel by single vacuum smelting.With the development of production technology， it is necessary to focus on the performance stability， purity and fatigue performance of the material， strengthen control during production， continue to optimize the melting and forging process， reduce energy consumption and costs， accumulate data and improve the material standard system. At the same time， the single vacuum 300M steel of ϕ1 080 mm and more larger ingot type is developed， which is fully in line with international standards in quality， standards， costs and certification关键词：300M Steel;Single Vacuum Melting Process;Tensile Strength;Fatigue Properties;Non-metallic Inclusion3|3|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Product Research and Development
- 摘要：Meltflow-VAR software was employed to simulate the vacuum arc remelting process of
- 摘要：Meltflow-VAR simulation method was used to study the effect of melting rate on the molten pool shape and macro segregation of low-cost corrosion-resistant high-strength stainless steel ingot during vacuum arc remelting， the morphology of molten pool changed form "shallow flat" to "U-shap"， and finally to "deep V-shap"， with the increasing of melting rate from 3.2 kg /min to 6.2 kg /min and the metal pool volume was gradually increased. The depth of molten pool increased from 120 mm to 175 mm with increasing the melting rate from 3.2 kg /min to 5.2 kg/min. When the melting rate exceeded 5.2 kg/min， the time to reach steady state was extended， the proportion of ingot cylindrical crystals increased， and the segregation degree of alloying elements was intensified. 4.2 kg /min was determined as the actual melting rate， the mushy zone width was narrow， and the molten pool depth was 140 mm in the stable melting stage. The metallurgical quality of the ingot remelted at 4.2 kg/min was evaluated， the alloy compositions at different positions of the ingot at the said melting speed had good uniformity， the result of macrostructure inspection showed that there was no obvious macrostructure defects in the ingot. After homogenization at 1 220 ℃ for 4 h， the micro segregation of C， Cr， Ni and Mo elements in the steel was significantly improved .关键词：High-strength Stainless Steel;Vacuum Arc Remelting;Composition Segregation;Numerical Simulation;Homogenization3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In this paper， the effects of two types of electroslag remelting slag systems on the content of the quantity， size， and distribution of inclusions in C-HRA-3 heat-resistant alloy electroslag ingots was investigated by using a 10 kg level protective atmosphere electroslag remelting furnace. The results show that the liquidus temperature of 60% CaF2-20% Al2O3-10% CaO-10% MgO based slag system is 1 417 ℃， the liquidus temperature of new type 50.4% CaF2-26.1% Al2O3-19.5% CaO-4% MgO based slag system is 1 324 ℃ and the new type slag system has a narrow temperature range between solidus and liquidus， and the resistivity of liquid slag is high， which can ensure the high melting rate and stable smelting of C-HRA-3 alloy electroslag remelting. The inclusions in the electroslag ingots produced by two slag systems mainly include oxides， carbonitrides， and sulfides. The number of inclusions at the edge of the electroslag ingots is similar to that of the consumable electrode， and the number of inclusions from the edge to the center of the electroslags shows a gradually decreasing trend. Moreover the average size of oxide inclusions in electroslag ingots smelted with two slag systems is respectively 3.019 μm and 2.341 μm. Along different radial positions of the new type slag system smelting electroslag ingot， the proportion of oxide inclusions with size > 3 μm is smaller， which has a more significant removal effect on large-sized oxide inclusions in C-HRA-3 alloy.关键词：Electroslag Remelting;Slag System;C-HRA-3 Heat Resistant Alloy;Inclusions2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：With regard to the whole production process of N08120 nickel-based thick plate， the precipitation law of material in each process was analyzed by using metallographic microscope， scanning electron microscope and Thermo-Calc software. The results indicate that the main precipitation type in N08120 nickel base alloy thick plate is Z phase， accompanied by dispersed MX precipitation phase， which are distributed in strips along the rolling direction. Besides， σ phase， M23C6 precipitation and transition state from MX to Z phase are also found in ingots and forging billets during production. The analysis reveals that during the mould casting process， the internal heat dissipation of the ingot is slow， which is beneficial to the transformation of NbN to Z phase， and the ingot surface is found to have σ phase precipitation during the die cooling process when it stays at medium and low temperature for a long time. The forging billet and rolling plate are air-cooled after deformation， the main precipitation phase types are Z phase and MX phase. After solution treatment， the species and distribution of precipitated phases in plate have not changed obviously， indicating that Z phase and MX phase have rapid precipitation rate and high thermal stability.关键词：N08120 Nickel-based Alloy;Hot-rolled Thick Plate;Z Phase;Precipitation Law3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Smelting and Solidification
- 摘要：A single pass hot deformation experiment was carried out on 9Cr3W3Co alloy by using Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator at the temperature of 950-1 150 ℃， the strain rate of 0.1-10 s-1 and the deformation of 70.9%. In order to better simulate the on-site process， the multi pass deformation process simulation simulation was carried out by using the scheme of the pass deformation from large to small and the pass deformation from small to large. The strain rate was 5.0 s-1， and the total deformation amount was 70.9%.The deformation characteristics of dynamic recrystallization behavior of 9Cr3W3Co alloy used for steam turbine blades were studied， the stress-strain curve of the alloy was obtained， and the dynamic material model is used to construct the 3 D thermal processing diagram of the alloy under different deformation conditions. The results indicate that the stress-strain curve of 9Cr3W3Co alloy shows that the stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature and increases with the increase of strain rate. In order to accurately describe the relationship between the three， the hyperbolic sine constitutive equation is established， and finally its thermal activation energy is 655.051 kJ/mol. Combined with the analysis of the results of microstructure evolution， it is concluded that the best hot working area of the alloy should be： deformation temperature 1 050-1 150 ℃， strain rate 0.1-1 s-1. In the process of rapid forging deformation， the forging process of first large deformation and then small deformation is conducive to obtaining uniform grain size.关键词：9Cr3W3Co;Constitutive Equation;3D Thermal Processing Diagram;Dynamic Recrystallization3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The high-temperature tensile thermal deformation processes of continuously cast and mold cast S30432 steel tube billets in same heat were investigated using the Gleeble thermal simulation machine， different thermal simulation conditions were set for temperature series of 1 000， 1 050， 1 100， and 1 150 ℃， and strain rates of 0.1， 1， and 5 s-1.The high-temperature stress-strain curves of continuously cast and mold cast S30432 steel billets from in same heat were obtained for both types of billets under various high-temperature tensile conditions， and these curves were corrected and fitted to align as closely as possible with actual experimental situations. The constitutive equations for the hot deformation of the continuously cast and mold cast S30432 steel billets from the same heat were derived through fitting， and a comparative analysis of the high-temperature hot plasticity differences between the two processing methods was conducted. The results indicated that the hot plasticity of both types of billets exhibited certain regularities at different tensile temperatures and rates， the continuously cast tube billets showed more significant fluctuations in hot plasticity and were slightly inferior to the mold cast tube billets in overall performance， providing insights for improving and optimizing the piercing process of the tube billets. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to characterize the microstructural features of the high-temperature tensile fracture surfaces， it was observed that the predominant fracture mode at high temperatures was ductile rupture， with most fracture surfaces exhibiting dimple features. However， under specific conditions， some samples of continuously cast tube billets exhibited poor hot plasticity and its fracture form was transformed into brittle fracture patterns. For the high-temperature plastic processing of S30432 steel continuously cast tube billets， it is recommended to employ higher strain rates and temperatures to achieve enhanced processing performance.关键词：S30432 Steel;Continuous Casting;Die Casting;High Temperature Stretching;Deformation Instanton Equation2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The evolution law of substructure of CN-1515 austenitic stainless steel cladding tube after cold processing was studied by TEM （Transmission Electron Microscope） and EBSD （Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction） . It showed that with the increase of cold rolling deformation， the annealing twins were reduced， the number of deformation twins was gradually increased， the twinning width and the twin spacing were continuously smaller， and the twin width was reduced from 0.03-0.043 μm to ＜0.02 μm when the deformation was at 15% and 25%， while the size of dislocation cells tended to become larger first and then smaller. In addition， the morphology of deformed twins kept straight all the time under cold rolling conditions， and twin boundary bending occurred during cold drawing. Under the same amount of deformation， more deformation twins would be produced in cold drawing than in cold rolling.关键词：Austenitic Stainless Steel;Cold Rolling;Cold Drawing;Substructure2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Forming and Phase Transition
- 摘要：Through the standard detection and rating the metallurgical quality of the high clean bearing steel prepared by vacuum degassing process， such as chemical composition， macrostructure， carbide inhomogeneity and non-metallic inclusions， and quantitative analysis of the quantity， type， size and cleanliness index of non-metallic inclusions in the steel is carried out by Aspex scanning analyzer. Based on the rolling contact fatigue life test results， the relationship between non-metallic inclusions and bearing steel contact fatigue life was established. The results show that the oxygen content of high clean bearing steel is not more than 0.000 5%， the titanium content is not more than 0.000 8% and the large particle inclusions DS is not more than 0.5， however it is still a contact fatigue failure mechanism dominated by inclusions， among which the size of oxide inclusions are large and there are holes around the inclusions， which is easy to cause stress concentration and fatigue cracks. The maximum size of oxide inclusions in high clean bearing steel is controlled below 10 μm， and the rated life L10 under 4.5 GPa high contact stress is more than 1×107 times， which is expected to replace electroslag remelting bearing steel for high-speed rail， high-speed machine tool spindle， wind power spindle and other high-end equipment fields.关键词：High Clean Bearing Steel GCr15;Nonmetallic Inclusion;Rolling Contact Fatigue;Failure Mechanism;High-end Equipment12|3|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The high nitrogen stainless bearing steel （HNSBS） with the merits of high strength， high hardness， long life， and superior corrosion resistance has become a popular topic in the development of novel bearing materials. This paper uses methods such as rotatory bending fatigue （RBF） test to study the effect of heat treatment process on the fatigue performance and crack initiation mechanism of 30Cr15Mo1N HNSBS. The results show that the tensile strength of the HNSBS quenched at 1 050 ℃ and tempered at 180 ℃ is 1 985.3 MPa， with the hardness of 60.5HRC and the RBF strength of 867 MPa. After tempering at 500 ℃， the hardness is equivalent to 180 ℃， with the tensile strength of 2 257.6 MPa and the RBF of 1 020 MPa. And it is found that the crack sources in 180 ℃ sample are mainly the matrix and inclusions， the crack source causing the fatigue crack initiation of the 500 ℃ tempering sample is usually the side defect. The reduction of internal stress concentration in the matrix structure caused by high-temperature tempering is the main reason for the transformation of crack source type and the improvement of fatigue performance. This article conducts in-depth research on the fatigue behavior and crack initiation phenomenon of （HNSBS）， providing experimental and theoretical basis for the formulation of heat treatment processes and the study of fatigue resistance mechanisms of （HNSBS）.关键词：30Cr15Mo1N High Nitrogen Stainless Bearing Steel;Fatigue Performance;Fatigue Crack Initiation4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
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