最新刊期
卷 46 ， 期 6 ， 2025
- 摘要：This paper reviews the development of special steel since the Industrial Revolution， with a focus on the evolution of its core characteristics. From the limitations of early steel metallurgy to the revolutionary impact of electric arc furnace invention on alloy steel production， and further to the varying national definitions of special steel， it reveals that "Specialization， Premiumization， and Innovation" have consistently defined the industry's inherent tendency.Then the generation of the "advanced steel materials" concept and its integration with traditional special steel was discussed， and how technological innovations such as ultra-fine grains， high cleanliness， and homogenization alongside national strategies like "Made in China 2025" serve as drivers for industrial upgrading was emphasized. On this basis， future directions for special steel development was prospected， including four key concepts： Premium manufacturing， green manufacturing， intelligent manufacturing， and service-oriented manufacturing. And advancements in areas such as cutting-edge metallurgical processes， novel design philosophies， innovations in structural special steels （high-strengthening， lightweighting， structural-functional integration）， and green/"dual-carbon" technologies （green-powered EAF steelmaking， low-carbon metallurgy， new energy applications， resource recycling） was detailed. This analysis aims to provide insights for China's special steel industry as it pursues higher-quality development.关键词：Special Steel;Advanced Steel Materials;High-performance;High Quality;Innovation73|12|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in advanced special steel materials technology in China and its successful application in national major strategic projects. In recent years， through systematic innovation， China has made comprehensive advances in basic theoretical research， key technological breakthroughs， and industrial application in the field of special steels. In terms of material systems， key categories such as ultra-high strength steels， heat-resistant steels， stainless steels， alloy structural steels， tool and die steels， and bearing steels have continuously improved in performance， achieving synergistic optimization of strength， toughness， corrosion resistance， high-temperature resistance， and fatigue performance. In manufacturing processes， breakthroughs have been made in a series of key production technologies， including ultra-clean smelting， precise microstructure control， and additive manufacturing. These technological advancements have strongly supported the material needs of national key sectors such as aerospace， energy and power， marine engineering， and high-end equipment， achieving autonomous and controllable supply and import substitution for many critical component materials. Looking forward， China's special steel materials are continuously developing towards higher performance， structural-functional integration， and green， low-cost manufacturing， while also focusing on sustainability throughout the entire lifecycle. These achievements not only reflect the technological progress of China's iron and steel industry but also provide a solid material foundation for the transformation and upgrading of the national manufacturing industry.关键词：Advanced Special Steel;High-performance;National Major Strategic Projects;Nationalization71|9|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：The alloying technology of steel materials originated in the early 19 th century with Faraday's systematic exploration of alloying elements such as nickel and chromium. It has evolved through stages of empirical accumulation， phase diagram theory guidance， and microalloying， and has now developed into a key technology enabling precise composition design and performance control. Currently， this technology faces several challenges： the continuous addition of alloying elements drastically increases material costs while the improvement in material performance tends to saturate； Most of alloy resources have a recovery rate of less than 1% and are nearly non-renewable， and excessive reliance on alloying may trigger national resource security concerns； Moreover， highly alloyed materials are increasingly difficult to recycle and reuse， which contradicts the goal of sustainable material regeneration and circular utilization. Microalloying technology achieves "doing more with less" by adding elements such as Nb， V， and Ti in amounts <0.1%. Low-density design breakthroughs the trade-off between lightweighting and strength-ductility synergy， where adding 1% mass fraction of Al reduces steel density by approximately 1.4%， and the application of high-manganese steel in automotive components leads to a weight reduction of 15%-20%. Hybrid and normalization strategies promote the deep integration of "one steel for multiple uses" and the circular economy， exemplified by the compositional unification of automotive components across 780 MPa， 980 MPa， and 1 180 MPa grades， which reduces the complexity of automotive manufacturing. Plain technology replaces precious alloy elements through defect engineering such as dislocations. In the future， alloying technology will evolve towards in-depth exploration of synergistic effects among microalloying elements， addressing the harmless control of residual elements， and incorporating machine learning to accelerate composition design. These advancements aim to achieve the synergistic development of "performance limit breakthroughs" and "full life-cycle low-carbonization，" providing technical support for the global steel industry's carbon neutrality goals.关键词：Advanced Steel Materials;Alloy Steel;Alloy Design;Green and Low-carbon58|4|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：Ultra-high-strength steel serves as the core material for critical load-bearing components in major equipment such as aerospace and construction machinery. This paper outlines the technological status across three developmental stages of ultra-high-strength steel， from theoretical breakthroughs to engineering applications：At the laboratory stage： Achieved a strength limit of 2 600 MPa-3 000 MPa （bulk material）； the pilot-scale stage achieved stable production of 2 000 MPa-2 500 MPa grade steels； the industrialisation stage established mature production systems for 1 500 MPa-2 000 MPa grade steels. However， as extreme service environments grow increasingly demanding， existing mature ultra-high-strength steels struggle to meet engineering requirements， fundamentally constrained by the inherent trade-off between strength and toughness. This paper elucidates that overcoming the strength-toughness trade-off hinges on systematic optimisation throughout the entire material preparation process. It distills three decisive metallurgical factors for achieving performance breakthroughs： Purity – controlling impurity elements and inclusions to eliminate crack initiation sites； Homogeneity – eliminating compositional segregation and microstructural gradients to ensure overall reliability； Microstructural control-regulating multi-scale microstructures to achieve synergistic strengthening and toughening. Building upon this theoretical framework， this paper introduces the 1 700 MPa–2 700 MPa series of ultra-high-strength steel technologies developed by the authors' team. Looking ahead， the advancement of ultra-high-strength steel will focus on ultra-pure metallurgy， high-uniformity preparation， intelligent material design， and the exploration of 3 000 MPa -level limits.关键词：Ultra-high Strength;Purity;Homogeneity;Microstructural Control57|5|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：Electric arc furnace （EAF） short process steelmaking takes scrap steel as the main raw material， which has the characteristics of short process， low energy consumption and low carbon emission. Facing the major demand of national " double carbon " strategy， the development of electric furnace steelmaking is the most important and operable process route for China 's iron and steel industry to realize green and low carbon development. However， the biggest problem of high-quality utilization of scrap steel in electric arc furnace steelmaking is the control of residual element content. One of the important sources of residual elements in steel is Zn and Sn impurities elements in coated scrap steel. Among them， Zn mainly produces dust pollution in the steelmaking process， and Sn will remain in the steel to deteriorate the mechanical and processing properties of steel. There is no effective stripping and purification method for coating in the traditional electric arc furnace smelting process. Therefore， it is of great significance to realize the efficient removal of Zn and Sn elements in scrap steel through technological innovation. According to the research progress at home and abroad， the source and harm of Zn and Sn elements are introduced. The research progress of removal technology and principle of Zn and Sn elements in scrap steel is summarized， including solid scrap pretreatment and melt removal technology. The advantages and disadvantages of different technologies are compared and analyzed. Solid scrap pretreatment includes mechanical removal， leaching and electrolytic removal， and vaporization removal. Melt removal includes calcium reaction and evaporation removal. Finally， the application prospect of Zn and Sn removal technology in actual production is prospected and predicted， which puts forward possible solutions for the high-quality utilization of scrap steel and provides reference for subsequent research.关键词：EAF Steelmaking;Residual Element;Scrap Steel;Coating Layer;Removal Technology29|1|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：Ni-based superalloys are widely applied in fields such as aerospace，and its melting processes are of vital importance to its properties and quality. This paper reviews the single melting， double melting， and triple melting processes of Ni-based superalloys based on Vacuum Induction Melting （VIM）， Electroslag Remelting （ESR）， and Vacuum Arc Remelting （VAR）. The flow， characteristics， existing defects of each melting process， as well as the research achievements aimed at these defects， are analyzed in detail， and the differences among different melting processes in aspects such as impurity removal， control of element burning loss， and defect generation are compared， and the applicable alloy types for each process are clarified. The results show that the single melting process of VIM is suitable for alloys with relatively low requirements for purity， while the double melting processes of VIM+ESR and VIM+VAR have their own advantages in desulfurization and controlling the burning loss of easily oxidizable elements，respectively. The triple melting process of VIM+ESR+VAR can ensure the alloy purity However， the melting process of Ni-based superalloys still faces challenges such as difficult to control impurity elements precisely and the tendency to generate defects. In the future， the research should focus on optimizing process parameters， developing new melting technologies， conducting in-depth studies on the defect formation mechanisms， and narrowing the performance gap of large-sized ingots compared with the international advanced level. This will lay the foundation for the innovative development of the melting processes of superalloys in China.关键词：Ni-based Superalloys;Single Melting Process;Double Melting Process;Triple Melting Process;Purity23|5|0更新时间：2025-11-06
Overview
- 摘要：Under the ultra-high temperature service conditions above 1 000 ℃， the traditional high Cr-Ni heat-resistant steels struggle to meet the rigorous material requirements for heat-resistant components due to their severe internal oxidation and insufficient high-temperature strength， becoming a bottleneck restricting the development of high-temperature equipment. To address those critical issues of current traditional high Cr-Ni heat-resistant alloys， the present work has innovated CNRE heat-resistant steels for components in ultra-high temperature， synchronously alloyed with carbon， nitrogen and rare earth elements. Firstly， the alloy costs of CNRE heat-resistant steels have been significantly reduced by substituting Mn and N for Ni. Secondly， intergranular oxidation of CNRE heat-resistant steels has been suppressed by C+N co-alloying to control grain boundary precipitates during sevicing at ultra-high temperature for long term， while the initial strength has enhanced through solution and precipitation strengthening effects. Additionally， the high-temperature microstructure of CNRE heat-resistant steels has been stabilized with rare earth elements， and then the elevated-temperature strength of those steels could be enhanced. Compared to the typical traditional high Cr-Ni heat-resistant steel of HK40 （ZG40Cr25Ni20）， CNRE heat-resistant steels with less than 6% Ni have reduced the alloy costs by over 50%， but could still achieve the comparable or superior high-temperature performance. At present， CNRE heat-resistant steels have been adopted to make a lot of components for metallurgical machinery， petrochemicals， energy and power plants. It provides strong technical support for cost control， performance optimization and independent control of high-temperature equipments. For example， containers made by CNRE heat-resistant steels instead of the expensive imported molybdenum alloy have completely met service condition requirements of 1 250 ℃/138 MPa in hot isostatic pressing （HIP） equipments. Also， bottom rollers made by CNRE heat-resistant steels， substituting the traditional high Cr-Ni heat-resistant steel of HP40 （ZG40Cr25Ni35NbM） ， have effectively resolved the surface nodulation issue in continuous heat treatment furnaces. Meaningfully， those novel CNRE heat-resistant steels has enlightened a new concept on the steels with less content of alloying elements.关键词：Heat-Resistant Steel;Rare Earth;Component;Elevated Temperature Properties;Cost Control84|2|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：In order to meet the high hardenability and strengthening requirements of M42 and above grade 12.9 bolt materials， on the basis of 42 CrMo steel， through chemical composition optimization， the 42CrMoVNb steel was obtained by adding micro-alloying elements w［V］0.22% and w［Nb］0.03%. The quenability of 42CrMoVNb bolt steel was explored by end quenching test， the microstructure and grain size of 42CrMoVNb bolt steel were characterized by OM， the precipitated phase of 42CrMoVNb bolt steel was characterized by TEM and other means， and the mechanical properties of 42CrMoVNb bolt steel were determined by room temperature tensile test.At the same time， the influence of chemical composition on hardenability properties was analyzed， and the influence of heat treatment process on the mechanical properties of 42CrMoVNb bolt steel was studied， and then the influence mechanism of chemical composition on mechanical properties was revealed. The results show that compared with 42CrMo steel， the addition of V and Nb elements in 42CrMoVNb bolt steel can significantly improve the hardenability of the material. The main reason is that V element inhibits the formation and growth rate of ferrite， improves the stability of austenite， and thus enhances hardenability. At the same time， the precipitation strengthening of carbides formed by V and Nb elements has improved the mechanical properties， reduced surface hardness fluctuations， and made the mechanical properties of 42CrMoVNb bolt steel sections more uniform.The designed 42CrMoVNb bolt steel meets the manufacturing requirements of grade 12.9 bolts after quenching and tempering at 870 ℃+600 ℃， and meets the manufacturing requirements of grade 14.9 bolts after quenching and tempering at 870 ℃+500 ℃.关键词：42CrMoVNb Steel;Wind Turbine Bolts;Hardenability;Mechanical Properties;Hardness Fluctuation;V， Nb Microalloying16|5|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：In order to meet the demand of Grade L80 13Cr oil well pipe in coexisting corrosion environment of CO2 and H2S， a new type of L80 steel grade 13Cr material was developed by adding Ni， Mo， V， Nb and other alloy elements， and the heat treatment process of 920 ℃-960 ℃ air quenching 700 ℃-750 ℃ high temperature tempering process was optimized and the evaluation test of corrosion resistance of materials under different corrosion resistant environments was carried out.The test results showed that mechanical property and the sulfide stress cracking resistance of the developed new type 13Cr oil well pipe met the requirements of API 5CT Grade L80 13Cr standard，It met the user's requirements of high Cl- concentration and trace H2S corrosion environment. In the electrochemical test of CO2 corrosion， Grade L80 13Cr had a high open circuit potential -184 mV， and the coupling test with 1Cr carbon steel， the average galvanic current reaches 1.6μA/cm2， and had good corrosion resistance.关键词：13Cr;Sulfide Stress Cracking（SSC）;CO2;H2S;Pitting Corrosion56|4|0更新时间：2025-11-06
Product Research and Development
- 摘要：The high alloy content of super austenitic stainless steel brings excellent performance， but also leads to bottleneck problems such as coarse dendritic structure， severe segregation， and strong precipitation sensitivity. It is crucial to regulate the solidification structure and precipitation behavior of super austenitic stainless steel. In this paper， B and Ce composite treatment was carried out on the basis of super austenitic stainless steel S32654， and the effects of B and Ce composite treatment on solidification structure and aging precipitation behavior were systematically studied.The results showed that after composite treatment with 0.002% B and 0.035% Ce， during the solidification process， the inclusions all transform into Ce containing inclusions with increased number density and size， and no borides form； The dendritic structure is significantly refined， and the secondary dendrite spacing is reduced by 25%； The number of σ phases increases and the size significantly decreases； The segregation of Mo element significantly reduces， and the solidification structure is significantly improved. During the aging precipitation process， Ce significantly increases the role of the σ phase and Cr2N nucleation sites， slightly promoting their nucleation； B and Ce can jointly inhibit the growth of the σ phase， significantly reducing its size， but have little effect on the growth of Cr2N. Overall， the composite treatment of B and Ce has a good improvement effect on the solidification structure and aging precipitation of S32654.关键词：Super Austenitic Stainless Steel;Boron;Cerium;Solidification Structure;Precipitation Behavior;σ Phase;Cr2N9|3|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：This paper proposes a feasible deoxidati on and titanium control gradient redesign strategy based on GCr15 bearing steel， with the aim of optimising the synergistic mechanism of deoxidation and titanium control in the stage of furnace refining. The pivotal mechanisms of deoxidation and titanium regulation are elucidated through industrial sampling of the entire industrial process. The interface reaction simulation and laboratory thermal experiments are meticulously designed and conducted to systematically verify the viability of the deoxidation and titanium control gradient redesign strategy in the management of ultra-low oxygen and titanium control in GCr15 bearing steel. Orthogonal experiments and FactSage phase equilibrium calculations have determined the CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO quaternary slag system （50.18%CaO-21.36%SiO₂-24.11%Al₂O₃-4.35%MgO） to be the optimal titanium removal slag system. Thermodynamic studies demonstrate a positive correlation between the rate of titanium removal and the oxygen activity of the molten steel. It is also evident that excessive deoxidation during the LF stage impedes titanium oxidative migration， thereby reducing the efficiency of titanium removal in the RH stage. Experimental evidence demonstrates that a stepped oxygen control strategy can overcome the antagonistic relationship between deoxidation and titanium control. Laboratory simulation of the RH condition reaction has been shown to reduce titanium content from 117×10-6 to 3.8×10-6 at an oxygen content of 35×10-6， with the titanium removal rate reaching 96.7%.The findings from both industrial data and laboratory experiments collectively demonstrate that LF weak deoxidation facilitates the slag gold reaction titanium removal process， enhancing the efficiency of titanium removal within the refining process as a whole. This， in turn， enables the synergistic control of oxygen and titanium. This study provides a theoretical basis and process optimization scheme for the industrial production of ultra-low oxygen titanium-bearing steel， and provides a direction to solve the problem of titanium inclusions restricting the fatigue life of bearings.关键词：High-carbon Chrome Bearing Steel;Ultra-low Oxygen Titanium;Step Oxygen Control;Oxytitanium Synergism;De-titaniumized Slag24|2|0更新时间：2025-11-06
Smelting and Solidification
- 摘要：GCr15 steel is a type of bearing steel used for the core-components of high-end equipment. Due to the non-uniform distribution of carbides in its microstructure， it exhibits banded structure characteristics， which leads to the anisotropy of its properties. The influence of the quantity and direction （axial and radial） of the carbide bands on the mechanical properties of GCr15 bearing steel were systematically studied by taking samples from different positions of the bar for compression tests， and the compression fracture failure mechanisms of GCr15 bearing steel with different carbide band characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the carbide bands in GCr15 bearing steel becomes more obvious from the edge to the core， and the average hardness increases and the fluctuation range expands. The fluctuation range has increased from 50 HV to 130 HV， which is related to composition segregation， carbide size and distribution. For compressive performance， due to the different distribution of carbides in the axial and radial directions， there are differences in strength and plasticity， resulting in the axial compressive performance being higher than that of the radial direction. For the failure mechanism of compression fracture， the axial region mainly exhibits a mixed type fracture mechanism combining ductile fracture and brittle fracture. The carbide band delays the crack propagation to some extent， thus presenting the characteristics of ductile fracture. The radial region is mainly characterized by brittle fracture， with numerous cleavage planes at the fracture surface， which is mainly due to the low plastic deformation capacity affected by the low interface bonding strength between carbide band and matrix area.关键词：GCr15 Steel;Carbide Bands;Compression Performance;Failure Mechanism18|4|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：In high strength steel， tempering process is usually used to improve toughness， but at the same time， the yield ratio which reflects the material's deformability， also increases sharply after tempering treatment. This study systematically investigated the effects of tempering on the microstructure evolution， tensile deformation behavior and low-temperature impact toughness of Q500qE dual phase high strength bridge steel with low yield ratio by means of DSC， SEM， EBSD， tensile test and oscillographic pendulum impact tester， which has guiding significance for realizing the matching of yield ratio and toughness of high strength steel. The results showed that during the heating process M/A islands decomposed first and then cementite precipitated at about 240 oC-420 oC. After tempering， the yield behavior changed from continuous type to discontinuous type， and the yield ratio increased sharply to 0.85 after tempering at 500 oC. Low temperature tempering at 350 oC can improve the crack arrest ability by decreasing work hardening ability and relieving the probability of strain localization at interfaces during deformation， which can balance the yield ratio and toughness well.关键词：High Strength Steel;Low Yield Ratio;Continuous Yielding;Low Temperature Toughness20|1|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：The
- 摘要：The effects of different heat treatment processes on the microstructure， mechanical properties and delayed fracture properties of
- 摘要：This study examines the microstructure and tensile properties of a novel Ni-Co-based wrought superalloy for turbine disk applications.The alloy was fabricated through triple melting combined with combined rapid forging and radial forging process， and subsequent heat treatment process. Tensile tests were conducted at room temperature， 650 ℃， 750 ℃ and 815 ℃ following solution treatment within the temperature range of 1 090 ℃ to 1 140 ℃ and aging treatment. The results demonstrate that increasing the solution temperature significantly enlarges grain size while simultaneously decreasing both the content and size of primary γ′ precipitates. Conversely， the volume fraction and dimensions of secondary γ′ precipitates exhibit augmentation. The dissolution of grain-boundary primary γ′ phase predominantly contributes to grain coarsening. The solute atoms released from dissolved primary and tertiary γ′ phases facilitate the coarsening of secondary γ′ precipitates. For the experimental alloy， room-temperature tensile fractures predominantly exhibited transgranular failure across different solid-solution temperatures. At 650 ℃， variations in the solid-solution temperature altered the fracture mode， while intergranular fracture dominated at 750 ℃ and 815 ℃. The evolution of grain structure and γ′ precipitates induced by solid-solution treatments significantly affected elevated-temperature tensile properties but had limited influence on room-temperature performance. Inverse yielding occurred across all test temperatures following treatment at 1 130 ℃. The deterioration in high-temperature tensile properties primarily originated from grain boundary weakening.关键词：Ni-Co base;Wrought Superalloy;Solution Temperature;γ′ Phase;Tensile Properties9|3|0更新时间：2025-11-06
- 摘要：To investigate the influence of online he at treatment process on the microstructure and properties of 95Si high-carbon wire rods for bridge cables， the wire rods were heat-treated in salt baths at 530 ℃， 550 ℃ and 570 ℃ respectively. Through mechanical property tests and microstructure characterization， the effects law of salt bath temperature on the microstructure characteristics such as pearlite lamellar spacing and globular size， as well as the strength and plasticity were studied. The results show that with the increase of temperature， the pearlite lamellar spacing increases from 74nm at 530 ℃ to 141nm at 570 ℃， the globular size increases from 2.4 μm to 3.4 μm， and the pearlite node size increases from 20.3 μm to 23.6 μm. Meanwhile the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries gradually decreases. Correspondingly the tensile strength of the wire rods decreases from 1 491 MPa to 1 374 MPa， and the reduction of area decreases from 38.8% to 35.0%. The wire rods achieve the best mechanical properties at 530 ℃， with a tensile strength of 1 491 MPa and a reduction of area of 38.8%. It can be seen that the salt bath temperature mainly affects the lamellar spacing and globular size of the wire rods， thereby improving their strength and plasticity. At 530 ℃ salt bath temperature， the refined lamellar spacing and globular size result in a higher number of high-angle grain boundaries and dislocation density， thus achieving strength enhancement. At the same time， the plasticity is improved by the hindrance effect of high-angle grain boundaries on crack propagation.关键词：Bridge Cable;95Si Wire Rod;Salt Bath Temperature;Organizational Performance214|6|0更新时间：2025-11-06
Forming and Phase Transition
- 摘要：To investigate the influence of non-metallic inclusions on fatigue fracture behavior in GCr15 bearing steel produced through different smelting processes， three different metallurgical processes to produce GCr15 bearing steel were adopted： electric arc furnace with refining （EAF-VD）， converter with refining （BOF-LF-RH）， and vacuum induction furnace with vacuum self-consumption （VIM+VAR）. Large inclusions were analyzed using ASPEX software， revealing its three predominant types： MnS， sulfur-oxygen composite inclusions， and TiN. Fractographic analysis of rotating bending fatigue specimens revealed that cracks mainly initiated at complex inclusions and TiN， whereas MnS did not initiate fatigue cracks. All failures in the EAF specimens initiated from complex inclusions， whereas in the BOF specimens， 91% of the failures were still associated with complex inclusions and only 9% were induced by TiN. In contrast， approximately 75% of the failures in the VIM+VAR specimens were triggered by TiN， with the remaining failures were caused by composite inclusions..These findings indicate that as steel cleanliness improves， the inclusion-induced failures transition from composite inclusions in EAF and BOF steels to TiN inclusions in double vacuum process.VIM+VAR steels. Furthermore， research indicates that the primary factors contributing to the reduced fatigue life of certain GCr15 bearing steels include： 1） Spinel oxide inclusions within composite inclusions are more hazardous than calcium-aluminate inclusions； 2） The sharper the TiN edge， the higher its fatigue damage potential； 3） When inclusions are located near the sample surface， they significantly degrade the fatigue performance of bearing steels.关键词：GCr15 Bearing Steel;Inclusion;Aspex Analysis;Rotating-bending Fatigue Test;Finite Element Simulation23|4|0更新时间：2025-11-06
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