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本期电子书
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最新刊期
卷 47 ， 期 4 ， 2026
- 摘要：Numerical simulation was carried out on the vacuum arc remelting （VAR） process of CrNiMoAlTi series precipitation-hardening stainless steel using the Meltflow-VAR software. The effects of different melting rates， helium pressures， and feeding processes on the molten pool morphology and the formation tendency of ingot black spot defects during the VAR process were calculated， and statistical analysis of inclusions was also performed. The results show that with the increase of melting rate， the molten pool morphology transforms from a shallow and flat "U" shape to a deeper "V" shape， and the mushy zone also expands with the rising melting rate. When the melting rate is 5.0 kg/min， the formation tendency of black spots in the core region is minimized， which is conducive to the floating of inclusions. The heat transfer efficiency of the helium layer increases with the increase of helium pressure. At a helium pressure of 300 Pa， the depth-diameter ratio of the molten pool reaches the minimum value， which is beneficial to heat transfer， reduces the risk of element segregation， and significantly improves the formation tendency of ingot black spots. The optimal setting of melting rate reduction rate in the feeding stage is 0.03 kg/min， which can increase the cooling rate of the feeding end and improve the formation tendency of ingot black spots. After the VAR process， the total number of TiN inclusions in the center of the ingot is less than that in the edge region of the ingot， and the total number of inclusions in the head of the ingot is more than that in the tail of the ingot. No inclusions larger than 25 μm are found in any part of the ingot， and the rating of various inclusions is ≤ 0.5.关键词：Precipitation-hardening Stainless Steel;Vacuum Arc Remelting;Numerical Simulation;Black Spot Defect;Inclusion14|5|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：To address the fracture of
- 摘要：Based on the first domestically developed industrial-scale online salt bath isothermal heat treatment equipment， a high-performance QM1020 non-quenched-and-tempered fastener steel wire rod has been successfully developed through systematic composition optimization design， clean steel smelting technology， and collaborative innovation in controlled rolling processes. Leveraging the unique advantages of precise temperature control in the salt bath equipment， the production process involves the wire rod entering the online salt bath isothermal heat treatment unit at a designed salt temperature after hot laying. This is combined with coordinated cooling via the Stelmor air cooling line to achieve precise regulation of the phase transformation microstructure，ensure a predominantly bainitic microstructure.For the first production of
Product Research and Development
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Erosion Behavior of MgO Refractory Caused by the Components of Refining Slag Containing Aluminum Ash
摘要：To investigate the effect of aluminum ash addition on the corrosion of MgO refractories in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO refining slag， the chemical corrosion behavior of MgO refractories in molten slag and the infiltration behavior of molten slag into refractories were studied under laboratory conditions. The composition evolution of refining slags with different aluminum ash contents after reaction with MgO refractories was determined， and the corrosion mechanism of MgO refractories was systematically analyzed using characterization techniques such as XRD and SEM‑EDS. The results demonstrate that with the increase of aluminum ash content in the refining slag， the interfacial chemical reaction between the slag and MgO refractories becomes more intense， leading to more severe chemical corrosion and physical penetration of the refractories. At the initial stage of the reaction， with the addition of 10% aluminum ash， the reaction between the refining slag and MgO refractories preferentially generates a large amount of Ca3Al2O6 phase and MgO·Al2O3 spinel. With further addition of aluminum ash， low‑melting phases including Ca2Al2SiO7 and CaMgSiO4 are gradually formed， which promote the penetration of liquid slag into the interior of the refractories， increase the solid‑liquid reaction area， and consequently aggravate the corrosion of the refractories. Furthermore， as the aluminum ash content increases， the viscosity of the slag decreases from 0.229 Pa·s to 0.187 Pa·s， while the diffusion coefficient of Mg²⁺ in the slag increases from 3.01×10-8 cm2/s to 3.06×10-8 cm2/s， which also enhances the corrosion of MgO refractories by molten slag.关键词：Aluminum Ash;Refining Slag;MgO Refractory Material;Viscosity;Diffusion Coefficient1|0|0更新时间：2026-07-14 - 摘要：34CrNi3Mo steel is widely used in aerospace and high-end equipment， and its service reliability is closely related to the type， size， and distribution of non-metallic inclusions. To clarify the influence of different rare-earth elements on the evolution behavior of inclusions in this steel， experimental heats with various additions （w［Ce］0.000 5%-0.002 0% and w［Y］0.000 3%-0.003 4% ） were produced in a 30 kg vacuum induction furnace， and the morphology， composition， number density， and size distribution of inclusions were systematically characterized using SEM–EDS and an Aspex system. The results show that inclusions in the base steel are mainly complex oxides and MnS， accompanied by a certain amount of Al₂O₃ and TiN. After the addition of Ce， inclusions are dominated by CeAlO3-type rare-earth aluminates， and a small amount of rare-earth oxysulfides and sulfides gradually forms； after the addition of Y， with increasing Y content， the fraction of rare-earth aluminates decreases， while oxy-sulfide complex inclusions such as Y₂O₂S and Y₂S₃ gradually increase. Small additions of Ce and Y can significantly refine inclusions， so that their sizes are mainly concentrated in the range of 0.5 μm–2 μm； compared with the base steel （average size is 1.36 μm， number density is about 108 mm⁻²）， both the average size and number density of inclusions are markedly reduced. Low-level rare-earth additions strongly suppress the formation of Al₂O₃ and TiN inclusions； however， the fraction of MnS inclusions exhibits a fluctuating trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing rare-earth content， indicating that the suppression of MnS formation is limited. Ce and Y play similar roles in refining inclusions and reducing their number density， but show pronounced differences in the types of modified inclusion products， and the results provide a theoretical basis for the selection and optimization of rare-earth additions in 34CrNi3Mo steel.关键词：Rare-Earth Ce;Rare-Earth Y;Inclusions;Rare-Earth Treatment;34CrNi3Mo Steel;Modified Products1|0|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：To enhance the performance of Q355 steel for offshore wind power applications， it is necessary to further improve the cleanliness of the steel and reduce oxide inclusions. Based on the liquid bridge theory， this study found that the contact angle θ between inclusions and liquid steel and the critical aggregation spacing dC are positively correlated， and for 10 μm inclusions dC=0.022θ-2.33（μm）； moreover， the order of critical aggregation spacing dC is： CeO2>Ce2O3>CaO>MgO>Al2O3>CeAlO3. With thermodynamic calculations， when w［Al］=0.03% and w［Ce］＞0.000 5% in Q355 steel， the CeOₓ layer forms on the surface of Al2O3 inclusion. This increases the critical aggregation spacing， accelerates the aggregation and growth of inclusions， and speeds up their floating， thereby further improving the cleanliness of the molten steel. This study used Ce treatment experiments on 4 heats of 80-ton Q355 steel melts to verify the above analysis. The experimental results show that after Ce treatment， the w［T.O］ and the size of oxide inclusions are significantly reduced in the steel. When Ce adding is less than 0.1 kg/t， as Ce adding increasing， the total amount and size of oxide inclusions in the steel decreases， and the CeOx layer gradually thickens； when Ce adding increases to 0.15 kg/t， the density of oxide inclusions increases， that inhibiting inclusions floating， leading to an increase in the total amount of residual oxide inclusions in the steel.关键词：Liquid Bridge Theory;Cerium Treatment;Oxide Inclusion;Aggregation16|7|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：To enhance the efficiency of the RH vacuum refining system a physical model of a 150 t RH vacuum refining system incorporating a vacuum chamber， snorkels， and ladle was established. The Euler-Euler two-fluid method was adopted for numerical simulations to systematically investigate the effects of different downcomer-to-riser diameter ratios on the circulation characteristics and refining performance of the RH device. The flow velocity at each position， flow field of the main cross-section， agitation effect on the molten steel at the ladle bottom， circulation flow rate， and mixing time under different diameter ratios（1-1.4） were analyzed for various diameter ratios. The results show that increasing the downcomer diameter significantly enhances the circulation flow rate（390 kg/s-492 kg/s）， while the mixing time decreases （286 s–269 s）. The flow field in the ladle tends to concentrate in the region between the two snorkels， the flow field in the vacuum chamber improves， and the proportion of the active region of molten steel at the ladle bottom decreases （from 39% to 19%）. Considering all factors， the optimal diameter ratio of the downcomer to the riser is 1.2， which can balance the improvement of the circulation flow rate and maintain excellent molten steel stirring capability.关键词：RH Vacuum Refining;Snorkels Structure;Molten Steel Flow Field;Stirring Performance27|64|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：Aiming at the problems of low inclusion removal efficiency and large temperature fluctuations caused by the uneven flow field of the 5-strand tundish in Huaigang Steel， the tundish dam wall was redesigned. Compared with the original scheme， the overall shape of the dam wall remained unchanged， and the main optimizations were made to the position， aperture and inclination angle of the diversion holes. CFD simulation and industrial tests confirmed that： by opening the diversion holes on the side，reducing the hole diameter，and increasing the inclination angle， the response time of the 3rd strand increased by 89.1 s， the peak time increased by 160.3 s， the average residence time increased by 179.9 s， and the dead zone volume was reduced by 19.7%. The optimized flow field parameters enhanced the inclusion removal capacity by expanding the floating path and residence time of inclusions； relying on a more uniform flow field distribution， the temperature difference between the 1 st and 3rd strands was reduced from 3 ℃-5 ℃ to 0 ℃-2 ℃， verifying the regulatory effect of flow field uniformity on heat transfer processes. In the production of difficult-to-cast steel grades such as bearing steel， the fluctuation amplitude of the stopper rod in the 3rd strand of the optimized scheme was significantly reduced， and the qualification rate of inclusion inspection for high-grade special steel rolled products was increased from 95% to 98%， which confirmed that the flow field optimization has industrial-level stability and significance for improving the cleanliness.关键词：Tundish;Dam Wall Optimization;Flow Field Simulation;RTD Curve;Inclusion9|5|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：In order to optimize the tundish induction heating system， the influence of channel abduction angle on the distribution of electromagnetic field was studied. A three-dimensional electromagnetic field mathematical model was established to simulate the distribution characteristics of magnetic induction intensity， induced current density and Joule heat when the channel abduction angle changes in the range of 2° to 10°， taking a two-strand tundish with large nozzle spacing （5 550 mm） in a steel plant as the object. The calculation results show that under the same heating power， as the abduction angle increases， the geometric position of the channel shifts relative to the coil， resulting in a downward trend in magnetic induction intensity， current density and Joule heat， and this attenuation is most significant in the channel outlet area， indicating that the magnetic field energy loss is mainly concentrated in the second half of the channel. The magnetic field shows a stable eccentric distribution on the central section of the channel， and the electromagnetic parameters near the coil side are higher. Through comprehensive analysis， it is determined that the 2° abduction angle is the best design parameter. At this angle， the magnetic induction intensity at the near coil side can reach 0.188 T， and the overall induced current density is higher than 1.70×10⁶ A/m². Therefore， in practical engineering design， it is recommended to use 2° or adjacent small outreach angles to maximize electromagnetic coupling efficiency and improve heating performance.关键词：Tundish;Induction Heating;Angle of Channel;Electromagnetic Field;Numerical Simulation38|90|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：The demand for large-scale high-end equipment has imposed more stringent requirements on the microstructure and segregation control of large ingots of nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys. In this paper， for a 20-ton flat ingot of N08120 alloy， testing methods such as metallographic microscope， scanning electron microscope and electron probe micro-analysis were used to analyze the solidification structure and composition segregation tendency of the ingot， aiming to provide guidance for evaluating the solidification quality of large nickel-based alloy ingots in industrial production and formulating homogenization heat treatment processes. The results showed that the thicknesses of the fine-grained zone and the columnar grain zone of the ingot were approximately 5 mm and 116 mm， respectively， and there was no significant macroscopic compositional segregation along the thickness direction of the ingot. From the surface to the center of the ingot， there were significant changes in both the dendrite morphology and the secondary dendrite arm spacing （SDAS）. The dendrites in the surface layer were finer， the dendrite trunk length in the columnar grain zone increased and exhibited a certain degree of orientation， while the dendrites in the central equiaxed grain zone were coarse and lost their orientation. And the SDAS increased monotonically from 96 μm to 383 μm. Among the elements， Cr， Nb， and Mo in the interdendritic regions were positive segregation elements， C was negative segregation element， and Ni and Fe showed no obvious segregation tendency. The degree of segregation gradually increased from the surface layer to the center of the ingot， and the segregation of Nb leads to the precipitation of Nb-containing second phases.关键词：Nickel-based Alloy;Corrosion-resistant Alloy;Solidification Microstructure;Dendrite Morphology;Dendrite Segregation22|5|0更新时间：2026-07-14
Smelting and Solidification
- 摘要：Cold-rolled ultrahigh-strength dual-phase steel（chemical composition/%：0.220C，0.470Si， 2.500Mn，0.410Cr，0.050Al，0.020Nb） was intercritical annealed by a laboratory continuous annealing simulation machine to investigate the effect of annealing processes on microstructure and mechanical properties. The results show that a microstructure containing ferrite and martensite can be obtained. The martensite phase contributes to the high strength of dual-phase steel. Carbide precipitation during intercritical annealing contributes to precipitation strengthening. The presence of the retained austenite contributes to the combination of high strength and ductility of dual-phase steel. During intercritical annealing， prolonging the holding time leads the steel into an equilibrium stage of austenite growth. Consequently， the tensile strength gradually increases while the elongation decreases， both tending to stabilize after holding for more than 180 s. Excellent comprehensive mechanical properties that the tensile strength 1 350 MPa， yield strength 745 MPa， yield strength ratio 0.55， elongation 8%， and the strength-plasticity-product 10 800 MPa·% can be obtained when the cold-rolled ultrahigh-strength dual-phase steel holds 180 s at 820 ℃.关键词：Ultra-high-strength Dual-phase Steel;Intercritical Annealing;Holding Time;Martensite Islands26|50|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：In this work， the phase transformation and precipitation behavior of 20CrMnTi steel after forging and the morphology of the prior austenite grain after isothermal normalizing and pseudo-carburizing under different forging heating processes were investigated. Results show that， for the conventional hot-rolled bars， the normal prior austenite grain morphology after carburizing can be obtained under the forging heating process of 1 220 ℃×2， 3， 5 and 10 min. Using the pretreatment， i.e.， homogenized by 1 000 ℃×2 h， deformed at 950 ℃ and then furnace-cooled from 700 ℃ to room temperature， （Nb， Ti）C fully precipitated from the hot-rolled state. In order to avoid the abnormal growth of the prior austenite grain after the same isothermal normalizing and carburizing process， the forging heating time at 1 220 ℃ should be no less than 5 min.Under the design of titanium reduction on the surface of test steels with different compositions， ensuring the sufficient re-dissolution of microalloyed carbonitrides through the heating temperature and time before forging can also achieve no mixed grains in the 960 ℃ pseudo-carburizing process. Maximizing the avoidance of excessive precipitation of microalloyed carbonitrides in hot-rolled bars can reduce the temperature and time required for the re-dissolution of microalloyed carbonitrides during the forging heating process in downstream forging plants.关键词：20CrMnTi Steel;Hot-Forging;Isothermal Normalizing;Pseudo-Carburizing;Prior Austenite Grain34|105|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：The annealing process for wires used in high-temperature seals is a critical parameter in product design. This study investigated the effects of cold drawing reduction in area and annealing parameters on the strength， ductility， and microstructure of Haynes 282 alloy wire feedstock （0.9 mm diameter baseline seal wire） using optical microscopy， scanning electron microscopy， room-temperature tensile testing， and hardness measurements. A fitting analysis was conducted on the average grain size after annealing for different cold drawing reduction rates. The results indicate an inverse relationship between grain size and hardness after annealing under different parameters： as the annealing temperature increased or holding time extended， the grain size increased while hardness decreased. An increase in the reduction in area led to work hardening， demonstrating a linear relationship between the cold drawing reduction in area and tensile strength. When a fully fibrous microstructure form （at 69.14% reduction）， the tensile strength reach 1 805 MPa. The Haynes 282 alloy wire exhibits abnormal grain growth and a decline in properties after annealing within low area reduction ranges （10.80%-39.51%） and at an area reduction of 62.65%， due to non-uniform deformation. Based on comprehensive experimental results and fitting analysis， the optimal annealing parameters were determined to be 1 140 ℃ for 45 minutes. A cold drawing reduction in area between 45.60% and 55.56% prior to this annealing treatment was found to produce the final wire product with a stable microstructure and an optimal strength-ductility balance.关键词：Haynes 282;Cold Drawing Reduction;Annealing Process;Recrystallization15|60|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：In this paper， the microstructure， hardness， strength and plasticity of the Al-containing corrosion-resistant steel at different cooling rates and temperatures were studied. The corrosion resistant steel was rolled by reversible rolling mill and continuous cooling transformation （CCT） test and the high temperature tensile test were carried out. The results show that Al has a significant effect on the microstructure evolution of the corrosion resistant steel. With the increase of Al content， the ferrite phase region expands， the occurrence temperature of bainite phase region decreases， and the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure morphology is more obvious. The hardness test shows that the hardness increases significantly with the increase of cooling rate， especially when bainite transformation occurs and bainite structure is formed. When the w［Al］ content is 0.5%， the hardness of the Al-containing corrosion-resistant steel is higher than that when the w［Al］ content is 1.0 %. Moreover， the maximum force value at 1 300 ℃ for the steel with 0.5% w［Al］ is 21.9 kgf， indicating better high-temperature strength and ductility. The strength-plasitcity test reveals the difference in mechanical behavior of the two steels at different temperatures， especially the control of the brittle temperature range is important for industrial production. The fracture mechanism of the material at different temperatures is further clarified by microscopic fracture analysis. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the application of the Al-containing corrosion-resistant steel.关键词：Al Content;High Temperature Properties;Phase Transformation Behavior;Microstructure9|61|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：36MnVS4 is a new generation of non-quenched-tempered（NQT） steel for medium-carbon micro-alloying connecting rods. Through V micro-alloying and nitrogen-controlled design， this steel achieve excellent comprehensive mechanical properties for the connecting rod.， So it is widely used in the manufacturing of passenger car engine connecting rods. However， in the production process of NQT connecting rods， there are often typical connecting rod defects such as uneven fracture or slag dropping，which seriously affects the assembly quality and performance of the connecting rod after fracture. Especially in the production process of 36MnVS4 connecting rods， this problem is more prominent. To this end， a systematic inspection， analysis and research on the fracture split defects of the 36MnVS4 connecting rod were carried out and the controlled forging and cooling process optimization was proposed. The optimal controlled forging and cooling process for the 36MnVS4 connecting rod has been established. The process parameters are implemented： rapid cooling above 660 ℃ to inhibit the precipitation of ferrite， and slow cooling below 660 ℃ to obtain coarse lamellar pearlite， ensuring that the connecting rod has qualified hardness indicators and has good expansion and breaking performance.关键词：Non-Quenched-Tempered Steel;Expansion and Breaking Defects;Controlled Forging and Cooling;Microalloying12|6|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：The effects of different tempering temperatures and holding times on the microstructure and hardness of thick wall sulfur-resistant casing steel， which exhibits martensite （M） structure at the outer wall and martensite + bainite （M+B） structure at the middle wall after quenching， were investigated. The results show that in the tempering temperature range of 695 ℃-720 ℃， Rockwell hardness fluctuation caused by microstructure differences is 0.8 - 1 HRC. Both types of microstructure show a decreasing trend in Rockwell hardness with the prolongation of tempering holding time. But when the tempering holding time is 75 min - 85 min， both groups have obvious secondary hardening phenomenon. Microstructure observation on samples subjected to different tempering process shows that， solid solution carbon content of martensite structure is high， and the precipitation of carbon atoms during tempering leads to relatively fast hardness attenuation and poor tempering stability. However， the higher solid solution carbon content increases the percentage of vanadium carbide （VC） microalloyed precipitates， and the secondary hardening phenomenon compensates for the hardness degradation caused by carbon dissolution. In actual production， the uniform microstructure should be obtained as far as possible to reduce the hardness vaiation in the wall thickness range of the pipe. At the same time， tempering treatment should avoid the secondary hardening interval， so that the hardness value can meet the requirements of mechanical properties of sulfur-resistant pipes.关键词：Microstructure;Tempering Treatment;Thick Wall;Micro Alloy;Hardness Fluctuation16|67|0更新时间：2026-07-14
Forming and Phase Transition
- 摘要：The 80 mm-thick FH420 steel used in test was welded by carbon dioxide gas shielded welding （ heat input ： 7 kJ / cm ）， single （ heat input ： 24 kJ / cm ） and double submerged arc welding （ heat input ： 38 kJ / cm ） to form three kinds of welded joints. The microstructure morphology observation and hardness test of the base metal， heat affected zone and weld seam at 1 / 4 thickness were carried out， and the high cycle fatigue test under different stress levels was carried out. The results show that with the increase of heat input， the size of pearlite and ferrite in the fine-grained heat-affected zone increases， the content of granular bainite in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone decreases and the content of ferrite increases， the content of acicular ferrite in the weld zone decreases and the content of proeutectoid ferrite increases. The fatigue results and fracture analysis show that the fatigue properties of the three steels are not significantly correlated with the microstructure evolution caused by welding heat input. Since the failure position is mostly located in the base metal， the fatigue S-N curves of the three joints are close. The incomplete fusion defect of carbon dioxide gas shielded welding under lower stress may become the fatigue crack initiation point， resulting in a decrease in the fatigue performance of the joints.关键词：FH420 Steel;High Cycle Fatigue;Welded Joints;Microstructure;Fracture Analysis5|31|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：In order to meet the requirement of new-generation diesel engine injectors with higher injection pressure and higher working temperature， it is urgent to search for an alternative material to 18Cr2Ni2 steel for the needle-valve body. The carburized 18Cr2Ni2 steel， 2Cr13 steel and H13 steel were chosen to perform the friction and wear test in diesel against M2 high-speed steel. The coefficient of friction（COF）and wear resistance of three steels were compared， the wear mechanism was analyzed， and the possibility of replacing 18Cr2Ni2 steel with 2Cr13 steel or H13 steel as a new material of needle-valve body was explored. The results show that the average COF of 18Cr2Ni2， 2Cr13 and H13 against M2 high-speed steel in diesel is 0.111， 0.122， and 0.132， respectively. The wear rate of 2Cr13 steel and H13 steel is only 67 percent and 55 percent of 18Cr2Ni2 steel， respectively. The wear rate of 18Cr2Ni2 steel is the highest， which is mainly ascribed to the severest abrasive wear because of low hardness. Due to steep hardness gradient of carburized layer， the fatigue wear is exacerbated to some extent. Among the three steels， H13 steel exhibits the best wear resistance. It benefits from the combination of high hardness， suitable carburized layer depth and hardness gradient. Compared with H13 steel， 2Cr13 steel has lower hardness of both carburized layer and core， resulting in severer abrasive wear. Meanwhile， the shallow carburized layer of 2Cr13 steel makes the large-scale spalling easy， further aggravating the fatigue wear. From the viewpoint of wear resistance， H13 steel is a possible alternative material to 18Cr2Ni2 steel for the needle-valve body.关键词：Needle-valve Body;18Cr2Ni2 Steel;2Cr13 Steel;H13 Steel;Friction Coefficient;Wear Resistance17|14|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：The austenite grain size is an important factor affecting the strength and toughness of 40CrNiMoA alloy structural steel. To fully explore the performance potential of 40CrNiMoA steel， it is necessary to investigate its grain evolution behavior during the austenitization process. Using a high-temperature laser confocal microscope， the effects of heating temperature and holding time on the austenite grain growth behavior of 40CrNiMoA steel were investigated， and the grain growth models were subsequently established. The results show that the average austenite grain size of 40CrNiMoA steel increases continuously with increasing heating temperature or prolonged holding time. Beck， Hillert and Sellars models were established to describe the austenite grain growth behavior of 40CrNiMoA steel. The fitting results indicate that the Beck model underestimates the measured values at lower heating temperatures but overestimates them at higher temperatures， while the Hillert model consistently predicts significantly higher values than the measured values. In contrast， the Sellars model exhibits an excellent agreement with the experimental results， providing a reliable basis for optimizing the heating process of 40CrNiMoA steel in practical production.关键词：40CrNiMoA;Alloy Structural Steel;In-situ Observation;Austenite Grain;Grain Growth Model17|57|0更新时间：2026-07-14
- 摘要：G20CrNi2Mo steel exhibits high surface hardness， excellent wear resistance and superior core toughness after carburizing， quenching and tempering. It is widely used for railway freight car bearings， large rolling mill components and other parts serving under heavy load， severe impact and intense abrasive wear conditions， which impose extremely stringent requirements on the metallurgical quality and contact fatigue life of the material. This study conducts the metallurgical quality evaluation and contact fatigue life analysis on
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