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Volume 47 期 5，2026 2026年第47卷第5期

  • Overview

    Chi Hongxiao, Ma Dangshen, Zhou Jian, Gu Jinbo, Di Yingnan

    Vol. 47, Issue 5, Pages: 1-12(2026) DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.N260114
    摘要：Die and mould steel is a core foundational material for high-end equipment manufacturing， supporting the forming production of various manufacturing industry chains， including automotive， aviation， aerospace， electronics， medical devices， and general machinery. China has already become the world’s largest manufacturer and market of dies and moulds， and has achieved self-sufficiency in all categories of die and mould steel， transitioning from scale-driven expansion to high-quality development. This paper systematically reviews the progress in research and industrialization of the three major categories—hot-work， plastic mould， and cold-work die and mould steels—covering alloy design， processing technologies， heat treatment regulation， surface treatment and modification， service failure mechanisms， and innovative preparation processes. It identifies shortcomings in microstructural uniformity， consistency， and stability； innovative material design； surface strengthening treatment； and digital-intelligent R&D and production. Furthermore， it proposes that future efforts should focus on： AI-driven digital-intelligent R&D and whole-process intelligent production control； upgrading of short-process， high-uniformity advanced metallurgical manufacturing technologies； development of integrated composite strengthening techniques that are compatible with the base material； improvement of service failure mechanisms and full-life-cycle evaluation systems； and establishment of an industry-level big-data and intelligent service platform for die and mould steels. These measures are intended to accelerate China’s transformation from a major producer into a global powerhouse in die and mould steel.  
    关键词：Die Steel;Development;Research;Current Status   
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    更新时间：2026-10-13

  • Overview

    Zuo Pengpeng, Xiong Yuhan, Wu Hongqing, Guan Hailong, Cai Lefei, Li Shaohong

    Vol. 47, Issue 5, Pages: 13-24(2026) DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.N260093
    摘要：Hot-forging die steel is a critical material used in the hot-forging of metal components. It is subjected to harsh service conditions involving high temperatures， high stresses， and repeated thermal cycling， making it prone to failure mechanisms resulting from the coupling of various complex processes， such as thermal wear， thermal fatigue， plastic deformation， and creep. Therefore， the in-service performance of hot-forging die steel directly affects the quality of forgings and production costs， making it imperative to fully understand the evolution of its failure behavior and propose effective strategies for performance enhancement. Addressing this need， this paper reviews research progress on the in-service behavior and failure mechanisms of hot-forging die steels and systematically summarizes four typical performance enhancement strategies—alloy composition optimization， precise control of heat-treated microstructure and properties， surface modification and strengthening， and nanoparticle-reinforced matrix—along with their respective effects. Based on this， the paper summarizes the significant potential of the synergistic application of multiple strategies in extending die life and improving in-service performance； highlights the limitation that a single strengthening strategy cannot fully account for the dynamic evolution of failure behavior under the coupled effects of multiple factors； and notes the current inadequacy of collaborative strengthening design and in-service performance prediction models tailored to actual operating conditions. Finally， the outlook indicates that future research should focus on the organic synergy of various strengthening technologies and the application of artificial intelligence in material design and performance prediction. These two areas mutually reinforce each other and are expected to provide the theoretical foundation and technical pathways for the continuous development of hot-forging die steels toward the goals of longer service life， higher reliability， and greater economic efficiency.  
    关键词：Hot-forging Die Steel;Service Life;Service Behavior;Failure Mechanism;Performance Optimization Strategies   
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    更新时间：2026-10-13

  • Product Research and Development

    Di Yingnan, Fu Bo, Liu Yapeng, Chi Hongxiao, Zhou Jian, Gu Jinbo, Ma Dangshen

    Vol. 47, Issue 5, Pages: 25-32(2026) DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.N260095
    摘要：In the context of integrated die-casting forming technology for new energy vehicles， a new type of extra-large， highly uniform， high-toughness， and high- isotropy die-casting mold steel GY-DCK20 was developed and produced. The microstructural uniformity of samples taken from different locations and their room-temperature mechanical properties were investigated by characterization methods such as metallographic analysis， SEM analysis， and ASPEX inclusion analysis. The results indicate that the high-cleanliness smelting process （EAF +AOD） → RH → Continuous Casting → PESR effectively controls the content of harmful and gaseous elements. Fine inclusions measuring 2-5 μm account for over 73.4% of the total， with oxides being the primary type. No significant banding segregation was observed in samples taken from different locations； the spheroidized microstructure was well-developed， and carbides were fine and uniformly distributed. The heat-treated hardness after quenching at 1 030 ℃ was approximately 1HRC higher than that at 1 010 ℃， and the steel exhibited better impact performance. During the tempering stage， the secondary hardening peak occurred near 540 °C， primarily due to the precipitation of fine， granular alloy carbides； at 650 ℃， martensite began to undergo recovery and recrystallization， forming equiaxed ferrite grains； at 700 ℃， the lath structure of the martensite disappeared， carbides aggregated along the grain boundaries， and recrystallized grains coarsened significantly. At a service hardness of 44-46HRC， the test steel exhibits a transverse and longitudinal V-notch impact absorbed energy of over 35 J at various locations， with an isotropy ratio of up to 0.97 in the core， demonstrating excellent comprehensive mechanical properties.  
    关键词：Die-casting Die Steel;Non-metallic Inclusions;Microstructural Uniformity;Heat Treatment;Room-temperature Impact Properties   
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  • Smelting and Solidification

    Nie Dengyunfei, Li Yang, Jiang Zhouhua, Sun Meng, Ma Shuai, Mao Yunqie

    Vol. 47, Issue 5, Pages: 33-41(2026) DOI: 10.20057/j.1003-8620.N260039
    摘要：To study the effects of different deoxidation methods on the evolution of inclusions and carbides in Cr12MoV steel， experimental steels smelted by three deoxidation processes （Al deoxidation， Al deoxidation combined with rare earth Ce composite deoxidation， and vacuum carbon deoxidation） were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy （SEM-EDS） and the OTSInca automatic inclusion analysis system （Oxford Instruments）. The effect of the three deoxidation methods on the mass fractions of total oxygen （T.O） and total nitrogen （T.N）， the number， size， composition and morphology of inclusions， as well as the precipitation characteristics and distribution of carbides in Cr12MoV steel were explored. The results show that at 480 Pa， carbon exhibits stronger deoxidation and denitrification effects than Al and Ce. The mass fractions of T.O and T.N in the as-cast samples can be reduced to 0.000 7% and 0.002 7%， respectively. In the experimental steels produced by single Al deoxidation and vacuum carbon deoxidation， inclusions are dominated by fine Al₂O₃， with number densities of 165/mm² and 95/mm²， and average areas of 0.70 μm² and 0.66 μm²， respectively. After Al deoxidation combined with rare earth treatment， inclusions are mainly Ce₂O₂S， with an inclusion number density of 120/mm² and an average area of 2.0 μm². The participation of Ce in deoxidation reduces the total number of inclusions but increases their size. Carbides in both single Al deoxidation and vacuum carbon deoxidation samples exhibit a fish-bone morphology and distribute continuously along grain boundaries to form a network structure， with area fractions of 12.15% and 12.29%， respectively. In contrast， carbides in the Al deoxidation + Ce treatment sample are fine lamellar or granular， distributing discontinuously along grain boundaries in a chain-like or particulate form without forming a continuous network structure， and the carbide area fraction is 11.70%. Ce treatment can significantly refine carbides， break the continuous network structure and reduce the precipitation amount. Compared with Al deoxidation， vacuum carbon deoxidation has no obvious effect on the morphology and precipitation of carbides. This study suggests that， without considering time， replacing partial Al deoxidation with vacuum carbon deoxidation in the smelting of Cr12MoV steel is feasible. It can purify molten steel and optimize the properties of inclusions without affecting carbide precipitation. Al deoxidation combined with rare earth composite deoxidation has a significant effect on carbide control.  
    关键词：Cr12MoV Die Steel;Inclusions;Carbides;Rare Earth Treatment;Vacuum Carbon Deoxidation   
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