最新刊期
卷 45 ， 期 6 ， 2024
- 摘要：This article investigates the influence of microalloying with different Ce contents on the precipitation of carbonitrides in 441 ferritic stainless steel through high-temperature thermal simulation experiments and thermodynamic calculation.The results indicate that there are two main types of carbonitrides in 441 ferritic stainless steel without rare earth Ce addition： separately precipitated carbonitrides and heteronucleated composite carbonitrides. After adding rare earth elements to the steel， Al in the nucleation oxide of carbon nitride is gradually replaced by Ce， and the modification order is Al2O3·Ti2O3→AlCeO3·Ti2O3→Ce2O3·Ti2O3. After modification， the mismatch between Ce2O3 and carbonitrides is higher， resulting in a weakened nucleation ability. This not only transforms the morphology from fully encapsulated to semi encapsulated structure， but also intensifies the precipitation of individual carbonitrides. With the addition of high content rare earth elements， CeN gradually precipitates in the steel， and the precipitation process of TiN is inhibited， reducing the precipitation area of carbonitrides and gradually spheroidizing the morphology of carbonitrides. As high content rare earth elements are added， CeN gradually precipitates in the steel The precipitation process of TiN is inhibited during this process， reducing the precipitation area of carbonitrides and gradually spheroidizing their morphology.By comparing different Ce samples， the rare earth addition amount is 0.007%， which increase the density of heterogeneous nucleation compared to the original cast carbonitrides. The density of carbonitrides increases from 66.7 number/mm2 to 74.5 number/mm2， with an average size concentration of 1-3 μm. The best effect is to refine the grain size.关键词：441 Stainless Steel;Solidification Process;Rare Earth;Carbonitrides;Rare Earth Inclusions306|15|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：There is an urgent need to develop low-cost， high-strength， and toughness grades of steel for domestic wind power fasteners in order to enhance the competitiveness of the industrial chain and fully participate in market competition. Through the control of smelting process to assure residual w ［P］≤0.015% and w［S］≤ 0.010% and the total oxygen content w［T.O］ stably controlled to be less than 10 × 10-6 during low oxygen operation practice. Two stage low-temperature rolling is adopted and the single pass reduction rate is controlled between 8% to 12%. A 10.9-grade 32CrB4 bolt steel with good impact toughness at -40 ℃ low-temperature for
- 摘要：For a steel factory production of BTW1 continuous casting slab is taken as the research object， and high temperature thermoplastic test is carried out by Gleeble 3800 thermal simulation testing machine.The tensile fracture is observed and the microstructure is analyzed by metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope.The test results show that the reduction of area of BTW1 steel decreases first， then increases and again decreases with the increase of heating temperature. The reduction of area reaches the highest value of 68.3% at 1 000 ℃ and only 29.23% at 950 ℃. The reduction of area of BTW1 steel is lower than 40% in several temperature ranges， and the high temperature thermoplasticity is very poor， the crack sensitivity is strong.When the heating temperature is lower than 800 ℃， the thermoplasticity is poor due to the absence of MBIP and DRX， and the fracture morphology shows the coexistence of plastic deformation and brittle fracture.When the heating temperature is 950 ℃， the DRX phenomenon increases， but the mixed crystal structure leads to a decrease in plasticity， and the fracture morphology is typical brittle fracture. When the heating temperature is 1 000 ℃， the DRX process is obvious， and the uniform fine grain region is formed， and the fracture is typical dimble morphology. When the heating temperature is 1 100 ℃， a melting zone appears in the fracture， but part of the dimpled structure remains at high temperature.关键词：BTW1 Steel;Continuous Casting Slab;High Temperture Thermoplastic;Reduction of Area;Dynamic Recrystallization7|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：In order to solve the problems of high blooming cost of the traditional process route for ultra-low carbon steel H1T， including preprocessing， converter， RH， bloom/ingot continuous casting， and blooming， and the frequent blockage of nozzle in the process of continuous casting which leads to production interruption， a 150 mm×150 mm billet continuous casting production process has been developed. The process control has been focused on the blockage of continuous casting nozzle， and the changes of composition， slag system， and inclusions during the production process have been analyzed. The industrial production practice shows that the product of ultra-low carbon steel H1T has been successfully produced by adopting the process of adding aluminum for deoxidation in converter tapping， LF slag basicity > 10， top slag （FeO + MnO） ≤ 2%， stirring argon flow > 600 L/min to ensure desulfurization， RH process with oxygen blowing for deep decarburization under 65 Pa， and calcium treatment of molten steel. And the number of continuous heats has reached 10 heats.关键词：Ultra-low Carbon Steel;Secondary Refining;Top Slag Modification;Calcium Treatment;Billet2|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：To evaluate the crack sensitivity of Q350EW high-chromium weathering resistant steel during continuous casting， the high-temperature thermoplastic characteristics of Q350EW high-chromium weathering resistant steel were studied using Gleeble3500 thermal simulation testing machine， and the distribution of precipitates in the steel was calculated using Thermo-Calc thermodynamic software.Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to observe and analyze the macrostructure and microstructure morphology of high-temperature tensile fractures and microstructure at the fractures.The research results indicate that as the heating temperature increases， the tensile strength of the test steel decreases； The cross-sectional shrinkage curve shows a concave valley around 700-800 ℃， with the lowest cross-sectional shrinkage of 64.9% at 775 ℃. The fracture morphology within the range of concave valley temperature is mainly composed of ductile dimples， and its fracture mechanism is ductile fracture. Microscopic analysis shows that ferrite appears at the grain boundaries of the original austenite， leading to a decrease in plasticity. However， due to the high content of ferrite， the plasticity of Q350EW high chromium weather resistant steel still remains at a high level. By optimizing key process parameters such as secondary cooling during continuous casting， the risk of cracking in Q350EW high chromium weather resistant steel billets can be reduced. It is recommended that the temperature of the corner bending and straightening section of the billets be less than 750 ℃.关键词：Q350EW High Chromium Weathering Steel;Hot Ductility;Fracture Morphology;Microstructure;Precipitate Phase2|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
Product Research and Development
- 摘要：This study focuses on the transient electroslag remelting process of 06Cr18Ni11Ti ingots with high filled ratio. By establishing a multiphysics and multiphase coupled model of the ESR process， the influence of melting rate on electromagnetic， heat transfer， fluid flow， and solidification behaviors during the ESR process was investigated. The results indicate that under different melting rates， the current paths are generally consistent， with a obvious skin effect. The temperature inside the crystallizer exhibits a parabolic distribution with significant temperature gradients. As the melting rate increased from 5 kg/min to 7 kg/min， the current density， Lorentz force， and Joule heating increased by 16.2%， 37.7%， and 63.3%， respectively. The maximum temperature of the slag pool increased from 1 902 K to 2 058 K. Both the slag and molten pools exhibit pairs of oppositely directed vortices， with flow becoming more intense with the increasing of melting rate. Under the conditions studied in this paper， increasing the melting rate leads to deepening of the molten pool and prolonging the local solidification time of the ingot. When the melting rate is 5 kg/min， the depth of the molten pool is between 1/2 and 1/3 of the mold diameter and the local solidification time is shortest， which helps to ensure the good density and crystallization quality of the ingot.关键词：Electroslag Remelting;Melting Rate;High Filled Ratio;06Cr18Ni11Ti Steel;Solidification Process5|1|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：Industrialized tests were carried out to produce 20MnTiB cold heading steel with different rare earth （Ce） contents， the effect of Ce on the evolution of inclusions during the production of 20MnTiB cold heading steel based on Ca treatment was investigated through experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations. The results show that after Ce treatment， the large-size spheroidal Al2O3-MgO-CaO-CaS inclusions were metamorphosed and decomposed into about 1 μm spheroidal CeAlO3-MgO-CaO -CaS inclusions， and irregular inclusions of this type around 2 μm were metamorphosed and sphericalized. After hot rolling， the inclusions in the 0Ce specimen wire rod elongated along the rolling direction， the inclusions were larger in size and more irregular in shape， in addition， long strips of MnS inclusions were found. However， in the 27Ce specimen， the S element content was reduced by 40% after Ce treatment， which inhibited the formation of MnS inclusions during the solidification process， and the small-sized， spherical-like characteristics of the inclusions in the wire rods did not change after rolling. The thermodynamic calculations are in agreement with the experimental results. After Ce treatment， the metamorphic decomposition of large-sized and irregular inclusions， the metamorphic spheroidization of small-sized and irregular inclusions， and the disappearance of MnS inclusions avoided the stress concentration caused by the irregular morphology of inclusions in the process of cold heading， which is conducive to the enhancement of the cold heading performance of the test steel and the reduction of the possibility of cold heading cracking. The results can provide technical and theoretical support for the further development of new rare earth microalloyed cold heading steels.关键词：20MnTiB Cold Heading Steel;Ca Treatment;Ce Treatment;Inclusion Evolution;Thermodynamic Calculation201|2|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：The H13 die steel was prepared by 2 t electroslag remelting furnace. Combined with thermodynamic calculation， experimental observation and statistical analysis， the type， size， morphology and distribution of inclusions in H13 die steel in electroslag ingot under a melting rate of 0.12 kg/s were systematically studied. The results show that the main inclusions in H13 die steel are MgO·Al2O3 and spherical CaO·MgO·Al2O3. During the remelting process of electric slag， MgO·Al2O3 inclusion evolves into MgO·Al2O3+CaO·Al2O3 mixed type inclusion or class CaO·MgO·Al2O3 inclusion. At the same time， a small amount of S will be precipitated with various inclusions as nucleation particles. The precipitated component is mainly CaS， forming CaO·MgO·Al2O3 inclusions wrapped by CaS. The size of inclusions in the electroslag ingot is mainly less than 5 μm， 5-10 μm inclusions are less， and only a small amount of inclusions larger than 10 μm exist. The distribution is similar to that of the electrode， but the overall number of inclusions is reduced. The radial distribution shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing， and the enrichment of inclusions occurs near half of the radius.关键词：Electroslag Remelting;H13 Die Steel;Types of Inclusions;Distribution of Inclusions503|1|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：For the control of cord steel inclusion， long time soft bubbling treatment is usually chosen to improve the cleanliness of molten steel， but it will lead to the increased erosion of magnesia-carbon bricks. Through the industrial production test， the effects of soft blowing time after LF refining on the composition and quantity of oxide inclusions of cord steel wire rod were studied by means of FEI Explorer 4 automatic scanning electron microscopy. Becca standard score and Kobe Standard Max-T （ave） score were used to evaluate the inclusion of wire rod. The results showed that the composition of oxide inclusions larger than 3 μm in the wire rod was similar to that in the process of soft blowing time of 45 min and 25 min after LF refining， and the density of inclusions was 135 /100 mm2 and 103 /100 mm2， respectively. The density of inclusions in the process of soft blowing time of 25 min after LF refining was slightly lower. Expanding the number of comparison tests， the score of Kobe standard Max-T （ave） and Becca standard indicate that the inclusions control of soft bubbling process for 20-25 min did not become worse or slightly improved. The control of low melting point inclusions in cord steel was mainly through controlling Al content， refining slag and other process parameters， and the inclusions that lead to the failure of the final product are often inconsistent with the types of endogenous inclusions. For cord steel， it can be considered to reduce the soft blowing time after LF refining.关键词：Tire Cord Steel;LF Refining;Soft Bubbling Time;Inclusion;Al2O3 Content5|2|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：In order to realize the stable batch production of ultra-low P welding wire EF3 for high-grade pipelines， the conditions of dephosphorization were determined by studying the thermodynamic and dynamic conditions of dephosphorization. Through the process of molten iron dephosphorization，100 t converter dephosphorization， ladle dephosphorization， slagging， secondary LF refining and anti-return P process， combined with low P alloy， stable production of ultra-low P welding wire EF3 is realized. By controlling molten iron w［Si］≤0.15% and making high basicity slag with R = 6， it can remove P and S at the same time， achieve molten iron w ［P］≤ 0.020%， iron w ［S］ ≤0.005%； The end temperature of converter is from 1 595 ℃ to 1 610 ℃， the basicity of the final slag is about 4.0， the content of FeO in the final slag is 23.0%-26.0% ， the tapping w［P］ of the converter is less than 0.008% ；The molten steel w［P］ is less than 0.004% by ladle dephosphorization； After dephosphorization with slag removal process， slag removal before and after the basic does not return P， Secondary LF is used to prevent P increase . P increase is very little with low P alloy .The slag removal process is adopted， the P content of molten steel w［P］≤0.005% in tundish can be achieved关键词：Ultra-low P Welding Wire EF3;Converter;Dephosphorization;Slag;P Content3|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：With the increase of the proportion of hot delivery and hot charging in pipeline steel continuous casting slab， the cut continuous casting slab are prone to quality defects due to the coupling effect of phase transformation， thermal stress， and temperature， resulting in huge economic losses.This article takes X70 pipeline steel as the research object，by comprehensively considering the nonlinear changes of material thermal properties parameters with temperature and the setting of boundary conditions， the ABAQUS finite element analysis software is used to conduct thermal coupling numerical simulation analysis on the cooling process of X70 pipeline steel 4 500 mm × 2 300 mm × 300 mm continuous casting slab. The conclusion shows that the average heat dissipation rate of the center of gravity of the slab is 0.076 ℃/s， the surface center is 0.084 ℃/s， and the temperature difference between the surface and the center is between 100 ℃ and 210 ℃， which gradually decreases over time. The stress value at the edge of the slab is 25 MPa， and the thermal stress within 300 mm of the edge is roughly the same， within 200 MPa. Considering the changes in temperature field， the cutting time to the heating furnace should be shortened as much as possible， or insulation measures should be added to prevent quality defects caused by excessive thermal stress.关键词：Continuous Casting Slab;Thermo-Mechanical Coupling;Cooling;Temperature Field;Stress Field;Numerical Simulation2|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
Smelting and Solidification
- 摘要：The 2205 duplex stainless steel （/%：0.03C， 1.00Si， 2.00Mn， 0.03P， 0.02S， 21.00-23.00Cr， 4.50-6.50Ni， 2.50-3.50Mo， 0.08-0.20N） were prepared by a smelting process combining 20 t electric arc furnace and ladle refining （EAF+AOD+LF）. Then 2205 duplex stainless steel was hot processed. In this paper， the influence of impact toughness of 2205 duplex stainless steel at different heating temperatures and deformation was studied in hot working process. The test results showed that： At the same heating temperature （950 ℃， 1 050 ℃ and 1 120 ℃） and holding time （1.5 h）， with the increase of deformation （25%， 50% and 75%）， the grain of test steel was broken more fully， but the excessive deformation of test steel caused uneven distribution of two phases（austenite and ferrite）， and the austenite content of steel gradually decreased， the impact toughness showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing； Under the same deformation amount （25%， 50% and 75%） and the same holding time （1.5 h）， with the increase of heating temperature （950 ℃， 1 050 ℃ and 1 120 ℃）， the grains size of test steel were obviously coarsened， the austenite content of steel decreased （57.32%→43.07%）， because the impact thermal property was best when the austenite content was about 50%，therefore， the impact toughness of steel also showed the law of first increasing and then decreasing. When the heating temperature was 1 050 ℃， the holding time was 1.5 h and the deformation amount was 50%， the impact toughness of test steel was the best， The impact energy of test steel were 299 J ， 132 J ，85 J at room temperature， -10 ℃ and -46 ℃， respectively.关键词：2205 Duplex Stainless Steel;Heating Temperature;Deformation;Impact Toughness4|2|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：The influence of quenching process on the microstructure evolution and hardness of A514CrQ rack steel has been investigated in this paper. The results showed that granular bainite + a small amount of lath martensite can be obtained after water quenching at 790 ℃/30 min. After 820 ℃-950 ℃/30 min water quenching， full lath martensite was obtained， and with the increase of quenching temperature， the width of martensite block increased， and hence the hardness gradually decreased. The 820 ℃ was identified as the optimal quenching temperature. When the holding time was 1 min-5 min， granular bainite +lath martensite was obtained by water quenching at 820 ℃， and the hardness of the specimen was much lower. When the holding time was 10-70 min， full lath martensite was obtained after water quenching at 820 ℃， the martensite block width increased with the increasing holding time， and hence the hardness gradually decreased and tended to be flat. Then the optimal holding time was identified as 10 min. After 820 ℃/10 min air quenching or oil quenching， granular bainite + lath martensite/bainite was obtained， and the content of martensite/bainite after oil quenching was higher. This leads to the lowest hardness of air quenching， the center of oil quenching， and the largest hardness of water quenching. In the process of double cycle quenching process， the final microstructure was determined by the secondary quenching medium， and the martensite/bainite lath can be refined more effectively by using water as the primary quenching medium. After 820 ℃/10 min water quenching + 820 ℃/10 min water quenching， the martensitic block width was the smallest and the hardness was the highest. Thus， this double water quenching process can serve as the preferred quenching process for rack steels.关键词：A514CrQ Rack Steel;Quenching Process;Microstructure Evolution;Hardness4|1|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：Forging and different post-forging heat treatment processes for 430F ferritic stainless steel in rolled condition. The effects of microstructure and properties of the forging 430F stainless steel at different heat treatment processes are studied by metallurgical structure， microhardness， tensile properties and fracture analysis of the test steel after heat treatment. The study shows that 430F stainless steel after forging， 850 ℃ × 4 h high temperature annealing， cooling with the furnace， 550 ℃ out of the air-cooled， and then 350 ℃ × 10 h tempering， cooling with the furnace， the microstructure of its composition by the ferrite single-phase ferrite matrix， the distribution of a large number of fine and uniformly distributed spherical carbides along the grain boundary precipitation σ-phase number is the least. The tensile strength of the test steel is 516 MPa， the hardness is 181 HV， and the elongation rate reaches 29.9%. There are a large number of regular toughness nests on the fracture surface， and the test steel has good plasticity and toughness.关键词：Forging;Heat Treatment;430F Stainless Steel;Microstructure;Mechanical Properties2|1|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：In order to achieve better strength and toughness matching for the newly developed Fe-C-Cr-Ni-Mo-Co-Al co-precipitation hardening ultra-high strength steel， this study deeply discussed the mechanism of dual-aging process on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of experimental steel， and determined the optimal aging process parameters to achieve excellent strength and toughness. The results show that the experimental steel could achieve higher ultimate tensile strength （1 924 MPa） under normal aging treatment， but lower yield strength and toughness. The dual-aging technology （570 ℃×0.5 h+480 ℃×20 h） could achieve superior combination of strength and toughness. After the optimal dual-aging treatment， the yield strength has been increased by 224 MPa and the impact work has been increased by 77% while the ultimate tensile strength was merely decreased by 42 MPa， with an error range of ±0.5 J for the impact toughness.The microstructure characterization and theoretical calculation results show that the content of precipitation-hardening phases and reversed austenite play decisive role in the strength and toughness of the experimental steel. The higher pre-aging temperature is benefit to the nucleation and growth of the reversed austenite and the secondary hardening precipitates in the experimental steel. The formation of reversed austenite is helpful to increase the impact energy of the test steel， but high austenite content would significantly reduce the strength of the steel. When continuously aged at 610 ℃， precipitates coarsening and martensite microstructure recovery would lead to a decrease in strength and toughness.关键词：Co-precipitation Hardening Ultra-high Strength Steel;Dual-aging Process;Strength and Toughness;Dynamic Calculation4|3|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：This article prepares 3Al-310S heat-resistant stainless steel by adding 3% Al to ordinary 310S stainless steel. After different solid solution processes， the experimental steel is subjected to X-ray diffraction （XRD）， scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， transmission electron microscopy （TEM）， and room temperature tensile performance testing to study the influence law of solid solution processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 3Al-310S heat-resistant steel. The research results indicate that the matrix structure of 3Al-310S heat-resistant steel is austenite. With the extension of solution time and the increase of solution temperature， the grain size of 3Al-310S heat-resistant steel gradually increases. With the increase of solution time and solution temperature， the hardness and tensile strength of 3Al-310S plate gradually decrease， and the elongation gradually increases. Among them， when the solution temperature is 1 000 ℃ and the solution time is 10 minutes， the tensile strength of the experimental steel reaches 618.75 MPa， and the elongation is 33.80%.关键词：3Al-310S Stainless;Solution Process;Microstructure;Mechanlcal Properties3|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：The microstructure morphology， low-temperature performance， and corrosion resistance of hot-rolled and normalized condition Gr.6 steel pipes were analyzed using optical microscopy， scanning electron microscopy， transmission electron microscopy， mechanical testing， and corrosion testing. The results show that the low-temperature mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the developed low-temperature seamless steel pipe Gr.6 in the hot-rolled and normalized states meet the standard requirements. The microstructure in the hot-rolled state is pearlite and ferrite， with uniform and fine grains， but the banded structure is obvious.The precipitated phase is mainly composed of TiN particles， which undergo a ductile brittle transition at -60 ℃. After 900 ℃ normalizing heat treatment， the grains become finer， with a grain size of 10 grade or above. The proportion of large angle grain boundary differences in the normalized state sample is higher than that in the hot-rolled state， and the density of the large angle interface also increases. The precipitate phase is mainly TiN and a small amount of VN particles， and no ductile brittle transition has occurred at -80 ℃.The corrosion behavior of the material was studied through polarization tests with fast and slow polarization scanning rates. Corrosion tests have shown that the stress corrosion sensitivity of normalized specimens is relatively low in electrochemical simulation solutions， while the stress corrosion sensitivity of hot-rolled specimens is relatively high. Therefore， the electrochemical corrosion performance of the normalized state is better than that of the hot-rolled state， and it is suitable for more harsh corrosion environments.关键词：Low Temperature Resistance;Sour Corrosion Resistance;Ductile-brittle Transition;Electrochemical Corrosion;Seamless Steel Pipe Gr.66|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
- 摘要：The continuous cooling transition curve （CCT curve） and impact energy curve of QDH of the new hot work die steel with 0.8% Ni and without Ni were determined by thermal expansion phase change instrument and impact testing machine， and the influence of Ni on the continuous transformation law and impact energy of QDH steel were analyzed by combining the microstructure and hardness. The test results of thermal expansion curve show that Ni element can significantly reduce the critical phase transition point （Ac1， Ac3 and Ms） of QDH steel， expand the austenite phase region， shift the CCT curve to the right as a whole， reduce the critical cooling rate of pearlite from 0.03 ℃/s to less than 0.02 ℃/s， and reduce the critical cooling rate of martensitic from 0.4 ℃/s to 0.2 ℃/s， which improves the hardenability of steel. The test results of impact energy curves show that the first type of tempering brittleness and the second type of tempering brittleness of the two experimental steels are in the tempering temperature range of 350 ℃-500 ℃ and 550 ℃-620 ℃， respectively， and the impact energy of Ni-containing steel in the whole tempering temperature range is higher than that of Ni-free steel， indicating that Ni element can improve the hardenability of QDH steel and improve its toughness.关键词：Nickel;Hot Work Die Steel;CCT curve;Hardenability;Impact Absorbing Energy358|0|0更新时间：2025-05-09
Forming and Phase Transition
- 摘要：To deeply investigate the effect of rare earth （La/Ce） on inclusions and fatigue properties of 20CrMnTi gear steel， the inclusions in 20CrMnTi and 20CrMnTi-RE gear steel treated with 0.002 7% rare earth were analyzed and characterized by various analytical and testing methods， the change of fatigue property was compared and analyzed. The ultra-high weekly fatigue test was carried out and analyzed the change of fatigue properties.The results show that rare earth can react with O element in gear steel to form rare earth oxides， and co-exist with other inclusions such as CaS and MgAl2O4， which become the core of TiN， the complex phase of CaS-MgAl2O4-（MnS）-TiN is transformed into the complex phase of CaS-MgAl2O4-（MnS）-RE2O3-TiN. After addition of rare earth， the amount of inclusions in 20CrMnTi steel decreased significantly， and the inclusions with size over 30 μm basically disappeared. In addition， rare earth improves the anti-fatigue property of gear steel. The fatigue limit of gear steel with rare earth is 26.6 MPa higher than that of gear steel without rare earth at the condition of 50% failure probability for 107 cycles， with better anti-fatigue performance.关键词：20CrMnTi Gear Steel;Rare Earth;Denaturation of Inclusions;Fatigue Property207|3|0更新时间：2025-05-09
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