最新刊期
卷 44 ， 期 3 ， 2023
- 摘要：The melting method of nickel-based superalloy is the decisive factor related to the alloy quality. Vacuum induction melting can effectively control the content of O， N， H and other gases and harmful impurities in alloy ingots， and accurately control the alloy composition. On this basis， the remelting of alloy （electroslag remelting and vacuum arc remelting） can further reduce the content of S， P and other harmful impurities， eliminate the defects such as component segregation and shrinkage cavity， and optimize the control of the solidification structure， so as to achieve the melting of large size and high-quality alloy ingots. This paper reviews the progress of the melting process of nickel-based superalloy， and focuses on the principles and characteristics of common melting technologies including vacuum induction melting， electroslag remelting， and vacuum arc remelting. The research progress of "vacuum induction melting + protective atmosphere electroslag remelting"， "vacuum induction melting + vacuum arc remelting" duplex melting process and "vacuum induction melting + protective atmosphere electroslag remelting + vacuum arc remelting" triple melting process in nickel-based superalloy melting are discussed. Finally， some suggestions on the selection and development direction of nickel-based superalloy smelting process are propounded.关键词：Nickel-based Superalloy;Vacuum Induction Melting;Electroslag Remelting;Vacuum Arc Remelting;Duplex Melting Process;Triple-melting Process17|9|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Overview
- 摘要：Cr12MoV flat steel mainly adopts the long process of die casting ingot， multi-fire forging and rolling， which has low production efficiency， low yield， high cost and high energy consumption. In order to solve the problems of poor thermal conductivity and ductility of cold working die steel， a short process of 90 t EBT-LF-VD-150 mm×630 mm continuous casting rectangular billet and one-fire heating +15-pass rolling was designed. The rectangular continuous casting billet and rolled 19 mm thick flat steel products of Cr12MoV steel were successfully developed， continuous casting center porosity 1.5 grade， center segregation ≤1.0， the finished flat steel eutectic carbide unevenness level ≤3， the defects inspection quality grade reaches grade A， and the performance indexes meet the standard requirements. Cr12MoV cold working die steel products have achieved mass production and achieved good economic benefits.关键词：Cold Working Die Steel;Long Process;Short Process;Continuous Casting;One-fire Heating Rolling326|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Yield rate is an important factor to be considered in the production of rolled ingot for die steel. The redesigns and optimizes of the original 3.0 t die steel ingot used in a steel plant are carried out by using Procast simulation software to simulate the temperature field， total setting time and internal defects during the solidification process， aiming to improve the yield rate under the premise of ensuring quality. The results showed that the total solidification time of new designed 3.1 t ingot is 1.78 h， and that of original 3.0 t ingot is 2.03 h， the total solidification time is reduced by 12.32%， and the ingot internal quality is good. On the premise of covering the existing rolling specifications and without increasing the rolling passes， the number of ingots is reduced from 5 to 4. The newly designed 3.1 t steel ingot is produced in small batch by using 40 t EAF-LF-VD die casting process. After initial rolling， it qualified the GB /T4162-2008 grade B flaw detection specification. The average yield rate of the optimized ingot is 83.76%， the average yield rate of the original ingot is 78.71%， and the average yield rate is 5.05% higher than the original.关键词：Yield Rate;Die Steel;Ingot Optimization Design;Numerical Simulation280|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The effect of Cr element in ultra-high strength cord steel on the microstructure and properties of LX82A wire rod and drawn wire is studied by JMatPro software， metallographic microscope， scanning electron microscope and tensile properties test. The results show that：For the 82 grade cord steel，by reducing Mn content to 0.18% and increasing Cr content to 0.35%， the C curvel moves down to the right， and the strength of LX82A wire rod increases from 1 150 MPa to 1 175 MPa， and the strength of copper plated cord steel wire increases from 1 235 MPa to 1 290 MPa. The strength of finished wire is increased by 40 Mpa， and the strength of finished wire exceeds 3 650 MPa. Because the addition of Cr reduces the soxlet phase transformation temperature and refine the spacing of the lamellae ， it improves the steel wire drawing hardening ability. Through the design and application of Cr element， it improves the steel wire drawing hardening ability， improves the strength of ultra-high strength cord steel， to achieve the high strength and toughness requirements of drawing steel wire.关键词：LX82A Cord Steel;Sorbite;Drawing Steel Hardening;Ultra-high Strength4|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：As the diameter of the casing in the reservoir becomes larger and larger， and the well go deeper and deeper， the demand for strength and toughness of large-diameter perforating barrel becomes stronger. In order to ensure the safety of the perforating operation and improve the ability of the perforating barrel to resist external extrusion， it is necessary to improve the strength of the barrel and match higher impact toughness. Tianjin Pipe Corporation has developed big size Φ244.48 mm×11.99 mm high strength TP170P grade gun pipe. After heat treatment， the yield strength is over 1 200 MPa， and CVN 0 ℃ impact energy reaches to 110 J for longitudinal and 85 J for transversal. The gun pipe has good high temperature tensile performance and excellent low temperature impact toughness. At the high temperature condition of 300 ℃， the yield strength still reaches 1 056 MPa， and the low temperature impact toughness and brittle transition temperature is less than -40 ℃，this character assures the gun pipe can be used safely in the high temperature and ultra-deep well ， it has cold toughness in cold areas ， expanding the use range of the products. In addition， the steel grade has good resistance to hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion， hydrogen cracking ability and rolling thermal deformation ability.关键词：TP170P;Big Size;High Strength;Anti-Collapse;Gun Pipe4|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In order to achieve the goal of high cleanliness of high-speed gear steel，especially the size of single-Particle D spherical inclusions ≤10 μm， electroslag process was developed to produce high-speed rail gear steel 18CrNiMo7-6 （/%：0.15-0.21C， ≤0.40Si，0.50-0.90Mn，1.50-1.80Cr，1.40-1.70Ni，0.25-0.35Mo，≤0.010P，≤0.010S），Φ250 mm steel billet production process is EBT electric furnace -LF-VD- casting 5.6 t electrode billet - electroslag remelting - forging - annealing - inspection. The electroslag slag system of 5.6 t electroslag ingot is CaF2∶Al2O3∶CaO∶MgO=65∶20∶10∶5 ， in the smelting process the melting rate is controlled at 500-550 kg/h，and the slag amount is 180-200 kg. Compared with the old slag system ，after adopting the new slag system the cleanliness of the produced high-speed gear steel is ［O］≤15×10-6， ［H］≤1.0×10-6，P≤0.008％，S≤0.005％，and non-metallic inclusion rating of A，B，C ，D and Ds series≤1.0 grade ， and the size of single-Particle D spherical inclusions is≤10 μm. Other hardenability and mechanical properties meet the requirements.关键词：18CrNiMo7-6;High-speed Rail Gear steel;Electroslag Remelting;Cleanliness;Hardenability4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Product Research and Development
- 摘要：Effect of different alloying processes on inclusions of 18Cr ultra-pure ferrite stainless steel during refining process were investigated by using industrial experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The results showed that the inclusion type of 18Cr ultra-pure ferrite stainless steel before titanium alloying is CaO-Al2O3-MgO， and the inclusion type changes to CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiOX after titanium alloying. After titanium alloying， the number density of inclusions and the weight percentage of TiOX in Nb-Ti double stable heats number （Ti： 0.181%， Nb： 0.147%） are lower than those in single Ti stable heats number （Ti： 0.324%）.关键词：18Cr Ultra-pure Ferrite Stainless Steel;Refining Process;Inclusion;Nb-Ti Double Stable;Thermodynamic Calculation2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The Peroxidation of molten steel at the end of the converter will not only lead to the decrease of alloy yield and the increase of smelting cost， but also lead to the increase of deoxidation products and the poor cleanliness of molten steel. Therefore， it is always the key point of process control to avoid the peroxide of molten steel at the end of converter. Aiming at the problem of terminal peroxide of 100 t converter in a domestic factory， this study finds that the average scrap ratio of this factory is up to 26%， the average terminal C content is only 0.055%， and the average terminal temperature is 1 605 ℃. Without considering the heat balance in the furnace， the adoption of high scrap steel batching resulted in insufficient heat in the furnace， which forced the supplementary blowing to raise the temperature， resulting in a low hit rate of the terminal carbon and temperature， and then lead to the problem of molten steel peroxidation. Therefore， from the perspective of optimizing the burden design， this study establishes the calculation model of the maximum scrap ratio based on the raw material conditions of the plant. In the actual production， the raw material conditions are comprehensively considered to add scrap， which reduces the number of heats requiring supplementary blowing for temperature rise. After the application of the model， the end point temperature of converter increases by 10 ℃， the end point carbon content increases by 0.036%， and the oxygen content of molten steel decreases by 206.3×10-6. The data shows that the effect of cost reduction and quality improvement is significant关键词：Peroxidation;Maximum Scrap Ratio;Burden Design;Cost Reduction and Quality Improvement3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In the continuous casting of high titanium wire steel， TiN inclusions generated in liquid steel can easily induce the formation of "floater"， which leads to surface defects and even the steel leakage . In order to solve the above problems， the absorption of TiN inclusion by the mold slag for the casting of high titanium wire steel was studied by thermodynamic calculation， and methods of rotating column and high-temperature confocal. Thermodynamic calculation results show that SiO2 and Al2O3 in CaO-SiO2 slag can react with TiN， and SiO2 has a stronger ability to react with TiN. The experiment of rotating column show that it can be seen that the dissolution ability of TiN column is limited， and the reaction occurs at the interface between TiN and mold slag. High temperature confocal experiment show that TiN is easily oxidized by air， and it also can be oxidized by mold slag according to the change of the total amount of samples before and after the reaction. Therefore， it is feasible to reduce occurance of floater through the oxidization of TiN by the oxidizing component in the mold slag.关键词：High Ti Welding Wire Steel;Mold slag;Floater;Dissolution Experiments5|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The surface depressions and longitudinal cracks of 2Cr13， 3Cr13， and 4Cr13 casting billets produced through 4-machine and 4-strand continuous casting machines in a special steel plant were analyzed and studied， the surface depression and longitudinal cracks of Cr13 stainless steel billet were solved by processing measures. Pre-melting mold flux consisting of 28%-31% SiO2 ， 28%-31% CaO ， 6%-9% Al2O3 ， 7%-10% Na2O and 3%-6% F were used， and comprehensive carbon preparation， especially the addition of carbon black was increased； the total carbon content was 15%-18%. The basicity of mold flux was controlled at about 1.0， the melting temperature was 1130-1150 ℃， and the viscosity at 1300 ℃ was 0.40-0.55 Pa·s. The turning temperature of the mold flux was 1140-1180 ℃， and the crystallization rate was about 48.8%. The superheat of 2Cr13 liquid steel in the tundish should be less than 30 ℃， and the superheat of 3Cr13 and 4Cr13 liquid steel should be less than 35 ℃. Automatic slagging is adopted in continuous casting process to control appropriate slag layer thickness and keep liquid level stable.关键词：Cr13 Martensitic Stainless Steel;Continuous Casting;Longitudinal Cracking;Mold Flux3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：This paper introduces the requirement of mold casting on protection slag and the function of commonly used additives， and according to the character such as composition， melting point of M2 high speed steel， fluorite powder， alkali powder and expandable graphite are added to the universal mold casting protective slag， and the melting point， viscosity and spread of the protective slag are adjusted， and a lot of tests have been carried out in the production . When fluorite powder is added more than 7% alone， or fluorite powder and alkali powder are added more than 4% at the same time， the proportion of slag area on the surface of M2 high speed steel mold ingot is reduced to 2%， but the ingot body deteriorates seriously， more than 5% of the pits appear. When fluorite powder， alkali powder and expandable graphite are added 4%， the proportion of slag area on the ingot surface is reduced to 0%， and the surface of the ingot body is good， which meets the requirements of M2 Die casting high-speed steel . Suitable for M2 series of die casting high-speed steel protective slag， its chemical composition is （18-21） %TC，（29-34） % SiO2，（14-17）% Al2O3，（12-15）% CaO，（4-7）% Na2O，（2-4）% Fe2O3，（1-3）% MgO，（2-4）%F，（0.5-2）% K2O.关键词：Protecting Slag;Additive;Mold Casting;M2 High-Speed Tool Steel;Surface Quality3|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Taking a steel mill Φ800 mm round billet continuous casting machine as the research object， the influence of crystallizer electromagnetic stirring current and frequency on electromagnetic torque and Q355NE steel round billet equiaxed crystal rate and carbon segregation was studied. It was found that the electromagnetic torque increased with the increase of the crystalliser electromagnetic stirring， and the increase was gradually increased. The higher the current intensity， the more significant the effect of frequency on the torque enhancement. The current intensity ranges from 0 to 200 A， the isometric crystal rate increases with the increase of current strength and electromagnetic torque， and the isometric crystal rate and electromagnetic torque is linearly related. Negative subcutaneous segregation occurs at a current intensity of 150 A. Compared to a current intensity of 50 A， a more severe positive segregation of intergranular transformation occurs at a current intensity of 150 A.关键词：Crystallizer Electromagnetic Stirring;Electromagnetic Torque;Q355NE Billet;Equiaxial Crystal Rate;Macroscopic Segregation3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The thickness of the shell of the 300 mm × 340 mm continuous casting billet of 8620 series gear steel （/% 0.18 - 0.24C， 0.18 - 0.32Si， 0.65 - 1.0Mn， 0.45 - 0.55Cr， 0.50 - 0.80Ni， 0.15 - 0.25Mo， ≤ 0.025P， ≤0.020S） at the place of each tension leveler （point crack method） ， is calculated by using the point crack pressed on the solidifying front of the casting blank by tension leveler， and then the solid phase ratio of the center of the bloom is calculated by substituting the calibration model with the data， to design the pressure reduction . The total 4 tension levelers of 5 th， 6 th， 7 th and 8 th are used to press down， with pressure reduction 2 mm-3 mm-5 mm-4 mm respectively， and total pressure reduction is 14 mm.After experiment ， the carbon-sulfur analysis is carried out by drilling holes in the bloom and rolled material samples.The results show that， comparing to the cast billet without light pressure， the ratio of carbon segregation index 0.97-1.03 of gear steel 8620 CC bloom increases from original 83.5% to 94.2% ， and the ratio of carbon segregation index of rolled steel increases from original 91.5% to 98.8% ，in situ analysis density of macro structure test piece increase from 0.899 9 to 0.976 9， porocity decreases from 0.100 3 to 0.017 8， and the composition segregation and density of casting billet improve关键词：8620 Series Gear Steel;Soft Reduction;Piont Crack Method;Macro-Segreation4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Smelting and Solidification
- 摘要：The effects of heating temperature and holding time on the austenite grain growth behavior of SCr420H gear steel samples with different AlN precipitation states were experimentally investigated. The equilibrium precipitation and dissolution law of AlN precipitates in the experimental steel was calculated by Thermo-Calc thermodynamic calculation software， and the precipitation behavior of AlN in the experimental steel was studied by field emission transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the hot-rolled and air-cooled samples are mixed grain structure after being carburized for 0.5 h at 950-1 050 ℃， and the average austenite grain size level is below grade 5. The austenite grains of the samples after 1 210 ℃ solution-water quenching treatment do not grow up after carburizing at 950-1 000 ℃ for 0.5-6 h or at 1 050 ℃ for 0.5-2 h， the austenite grain size level is grade 9.5-10. The abnormal grain growth phenomenon occurs after 2 hours carburizing at 1 050 ℃. The sample after 1 210 ℃ solution-water quenching is isothermally treated at 700 °C for 1 h and then water-cooling so that it can be carburized at 1 050 °C for 8 h without abnormal grain growth or mixed grain structure， the average austenite grain size is 14 µm， the grain size level is grade 9.4. The growth behavior of austenite grains during carburization process is mainly controlled by the solubility and the ripening rate of the secondary phase AlN in the sample. The size of AlN precipitates in the solution-treated sample after carburization at 1 050 ℃ for 0.5 h is less than 80 nm， with an average size of 27.8 nm. 14.3% AlN particles larger than 100 nm appear in the sample after carburization at 1 050 ℃ for 2.5 h， with an average size of 64.2 nm.关键词：Gear steel;Carburizing;Grain growth;AlN4|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The strong plasticity technology of 100Si steel Φ14 mm wire rod is studied by measuring the isothermal TTT curve of 100Si steel wire rod and designing off-line salt bath heat treatment process experiment. The results show that the nasal tip temperature of 100Si steel is about 580 ℃， and the shortest incubation period of the isothermal transition is about 5 s， and the isothermal phase transition behavior of 100Si steel is very sensitive to temperature； With the increase of salt bath isothermal temperature （510 - 580 ℃ ）， the tensile strength and reduction of area of wire rod basically decrease； With the increase of off-line austenitizing temperature， the pearlite pellet size of 100Si steel rod increases； Compared with hot rolled wire rod， the distribution of the lamellar spacing of the bottom wire rod by salt bath heat treatment is more concentrated， and the lamellar spacing decreases with the decrease of salt bath temperature； When the temperature is lower than 920 ℃， V in 100Si steel can be precipitated in austenite with the form of VC， and the precipitation of VC in ferritin occurs after pearlite transformation； At the lower austenitizing temperature and the lower salt bath temperature， the mass fraction of VC particles precipitated is less， which can weaken the precipitation strengthening； The hot-rolled wire rod with 920 ℃ off-line austenitizing and 530 ℃ salt bath isotherm has the best balance between the strengthening effect of sorbitic phase and precipitation strengthening effect， the better mechanical properties are tensile strength 1 650 MPa and reduction of area 32.5% .关键词：Bridge Cable;100Si Steel;Salt Bath Heat Treatment;Lamellar Spacing;Precipitation Strengthening3|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：GH3128 alloy samples with carbon content of 0.031% and 0.015% are forged from Φ500 mm ingots to 350 mm × 350 mm square billet by the same open-die forging process，then forge the 350 mm × 350 mm square billet to Φ200 mm round bar by using the heating temperature 1 180 ℃ and 1 100 ℃ and the deformation rate of 27.5% and 36% per operation respectively. The results show that the forging process of 1 100 ℃ heating temperature and 27.5% deformation rate per operation lead to optimal grain size；At the same time the amount of carbide and microstructure is closely related to C content， but has little relationship with forging process； Compared 0.031%C with 0.015%C ， the tensile strength of room temperature is increased by 5%-10%， and the 950 ℃ high temperature stress-rupture time increased by 30%.关键词：High-temperature Alloy GH3128;Open-die Forging;Carbon Content;Grain Size2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Taking 4145H hot-rolled round steel used for oil drill collars as the research object， under the condition of high temperature （870-920 ℃） in the preheating section of the heating furnace， a warm delivery and charging process is designed： the surface temperature of the casting billet is controlled at 200-400 ℃ before being put into the furnace， the preheating section time is ≥ 120 min， the temperature of the heating section is 950-1 050 ℃， the holding time is ≥ 60 min， the high temperature section is 1 220-1 280 ℃， the holding time is ≥ 240 min， and the total heating time is ≥ 510 min. Through process test， Φ260 mm specification round steel bar is rolled by using Φ600 mm specification continuous casting round billet. By comparing the quality of hot rolled round steel under three furnace charging modes of hot delivery and hot charging ， warm delivery and warm charging， and cold delivery and cold charging， it is concluded that the warm delivery and warm charging process can obtain good surface quality and internal quality.关键词：4145H Steel for Oil Drill Collar;Φ600 mm Round Billet;Hot Delivery and Hot Charging;Warm Delivery and Warm charging;Cold Delivery and Cold Charging3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The study of P80 on-line solid solution process was tested by Gleeble 3800 thermal simulation testing machine， and the results showed that the open cooling temperature ranged from 870 ℃ to 930 ℃， the lower the temperature， and the higher the hardness， the higher the variance and the lower the hardness fluctuation after the on-line solid solution and aging. Under the premise of ensuring that obtaining single-phase structure and uniform hardness， the process parameters such as open cooling temperature and cooling speed were determined： the open cooling temperature was 860 - 880 ℃， cooling speed was 10 ℃/s， and the re-reddening temperature not greater than 400 ℃. Applying the above process parameters to P80 production practice， the results showed that the on-line solid solution P80 steel plate after 520 ℃ / 3 hours of aging treatment， the microstructure was transformed from bainite and martensitic to granular bainite and lath bainite， hardness was 40.1 HRC， which could meet the technical requirements， and could replace the off-line solid solution process.关键词：P80 Steel;Plastic Mold Steel;On-line Solid Solution;Aging;Hardness294|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Through a series of heating temperature， holding time tests and detection of precipitated phases， the austenite grain growth of SXQ500/550DZ35 steel for hydropower station is studied. It is determinted that recommended temperature for complete austenitization is 900-950 ℃， and the recommended holding time is 20-60 min. The purpose is to ensure its low temperature impact toughness by refining grain steel， and to provide relevant basis for the improvement of later heat treatment process.关键词：SXQ500/550DZ35 Steel;Austenite Grain;Precipitated Phase;Steel for Hydropower Station4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The reasons for the total decarbonization failure of 30CrMnSiNi2A cold drawing hexagonal steel are analyzed， the results show that when the deformation amount of cold drawing is in the critical deformation range， the grains in the cold deformation area are coarse after annealing at 690 ℃， which affects the determination of total decarbonization. The recrystallized grains in the cold deformation zone area are refined after heat treatment when the single drawing deformation is between 21% and 30%. Therefore the accuracy of total decarbonization determination is eliminated because the deformation is in the critical deformation interval and the grain is coarse after drawing annealing.Through the production practice， the single deformation of cold drawing is controlled in the range of 20%-25%， and reduce annealing temperature to 630 ℃， the total decarbonization of S22 mm cold drawing rolled reaches the standard requirements， and the decarbonization improvement effect is obvious.关键词：30CrMnSiNi2A Steel;Cold Drawing Hexagonal Steel;Recrystallization;Grain;Total Decarbonization;Heat Treatment;Ferrite7|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The oxidation scale of low carbon steel， low alloy steel and alloy steel containing Cr at different temperatures， the thickness of scale and phase analysis of scale are studied， the results show that the alloy steel wire containing Cr is easy to produce Fe3O4 when oxidized at 850 ℃， and Fe2O3 is the main oxidation scale during slow cooling. It is easy to produce the oxidation scale structure with Fe3O4 as the main component when the alloy steel wire containing Cr is spun at about 850 ℃ during normal rolling and slowly cooling， which is disadvantageous to the subsequent pickling and descaling. The FeO content can be increased to improve the descaling performance of iron oxide scale by increasing the spinning temperature above 900 ℃ and opening the insulation cover after spinning.关键词：Oxide Scale;Cr;EBSD;Alloy Steel104|4|0更新时间：2026-01-21
Forming and Phase Transition
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