最新刊期
卷 43 ， 期 6 ， 2022
- 摘要：The effects of adding Ce(0-0. 32% ) -Mg(0-0. 04% ) alloy on the as-cast inclusions and solidification organization of GCr15 bearing steel are investigated. The results show that the addition of Ce-Mg alloy can lead to the modification of inclusions and the generation of a large number of Ce-and Mg inclusions with regular shape, fine size and disperssed distribution ；and the inclusions are more fine and diffuse as 0.016% [ Ce] and 0.002% [ Mg]. With the increase of the mass fraction of Ce-Mg alloy, the distribution of carbides in the as-cast structure of steel becomes more uniform and the reticular carbide network structure becomes thinner, and as 0.016% [ Ce] and 0. 002% [ Mg], the pearlite lamellae is the thinner and the lamellae spacing is the minimized. The addition of Ce-Mg alloy can significantly reduce the segregation of C and Cr elements between dendrites and dendrite stem, and reduce the dendrite spacing to hinder the coarsening of dendrites.关键词：GCr15 Steel;Ce-Mg Alloy;Inclusions;Solidification Microstnicture;Pearlite Lamellae5|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：At present,the oxygen content in bearing steel has been controlled at a very low level,and Ds inclusions have become one of the main factors affecting its quality stability.In order to solve this problem,a non-aluminum deoxygenation process is proposed to produce CCr15 bearing steel.Instead of using aluminum as deoxidizer,silicon-manganese pre-deoxidation,slag surface diffusion deoxidation,vacuum final deoxidation and low basicity slag formation in refining process are adopted. Compared with the traditional aluminum deoxidation production process,the main inclusions in the bearing steel of non-aluminum deoxidation process are silicate with a small amount of calcium aluminum-silicon composite inclusions, which reduces the magnesium aluminum spinel and calcium aluminate forming Ds inclusions,and significantly reduces the number of Ds inclusions.Ds inclusions can be stably controlled below grade 0.5 in rolled products,and the proportion of samples graded at grade O is as high as 91.67%.This process can obtain stable production results and product quality, which will provide theoretical and technical guidance for the production of high-quality bearing steel.关键词：Non-aluminum Deoxidation;GCr15 Bearing Steel;Ds Inclusions;the Whole Process;High-quality Steel4|3|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The distribution of C,Si,Mn and Cr elements in cross sections of Φ450 mm continuous casting round billet and Φ130 mm round steel of high hardenability bearing steel GCr15SiMn was analyzed by original position statistic distribution analysis(OPA)and borehole chemical analysis.The contact fatigue life of the material was tested by the thrust plate con- tact fatigue testing machine.The results show that the segregation tendency of C element in bearing steel GCr15SiMn continuous casting round billet is large,and it is easy to produce center positive segregation,while the segregation tendency of Cr,Si and Mn element is small.The central carbon segregation in casting bloom was improved by adopting stable low superheat casting and three-stage strong electromagnetic stirring.After(1240±20)℃×5 h high temperature diffusion and large deformation rolling with primary pass deformation ≥90 mm,the carbon segregation of φ130 mm round steel can be further improved. The rated contact fatigue life L10of the test steel under 5.3GPa high stress load reaches 3.58×106times,which is close to the level of ESR steel.关键词：Round Billet Continuous Casting;High Hardenability Bearing Steel;GCr15SiMn;Composition Segregation;Contact Fatigue Life2|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Through microstructure observation, chemical composition detection, thermodynamic calculation and structure analysis, the effect of Al on the heterogeneous nucleation of K-carbide during the divorced-eutectoid transformation process of 1.25C-1.5Cr-5Al bearing steel is studied, and the influence of spheroidal pearlite consisting of a mixture of carbides on the final quenched treatment^ microstructure and hardness of steel is investigated. The results shows that when the annealing temperature decreases from 850 ℃ to 800 °C , a small amount of undissolved cementite dissolves into austenite, and the non-dissolved cementite content (volume fraction) decreases from (3. 1 ±0.5) vol. % to (2.8 ±0. 6) vol. %. There is no segregation of Al in austenite along the θ/γ interface due to its high diffusion rate at high annealing temperature. The κ-carbide nucleation at the cementite interface is facilitated by ferrite' s high Al concentration.关键词：低密度;1.25C-1.5Cr-5Al轴承钢;离异共析相变;Al偏聚2|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Hydrogen ( H) is one of the important factors to reduce the mechanical properties of steel, the H content of hot rolled middle carbon bearing steel C56E2 is lower than 0. 02 x 10-6and desportion rate of hydrogen content reaches to 95%-98% compared with which content in liquid steel. There are two main H traps, which are carbide Fe3C and precipitate/inclusion in hot rolled steel, and the residual H is mainly the precipitate/inclusion hydrogen trap. The two kinds of trapped H were increased in the samples with H charged in condition of 25 ℃, 2 mA/cm2constant electric current, 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution and duration 0-216 h, and the H content were increased at first then decreased with extension of hydrogen charging time. The carbide trapped H ratio (carbide trapped H(0-0.0107) X 10-6/total H) was increased and the precipitate/inclusion trapped H ratio (precipitate/inclusion trapped H(0. 003 5-0. 019 0) x 10-6/total H) decreased with H charging time increasing. The free energy difference of TDS hydrogen precipitation are mainly affected by the H trap absorb and H hole initial occupied ratio, and it is increased with the H charging time increasing. The active energy of carbide trapped H is decreased with the content increasing of carbide trapped H, and active energy of precipitate/inclusion H is increased with the content accumulation increasing of precipitate/inclusion H at the moment of its desorption peak time.关键词：Middle Carbon Bearing Steel;H Desorption;H Charging;TDS Test;Active Energy2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In accordance with the current in electroslag remelting(ESR)GCr15 bearing steel D inclusions exceeding the standard problem,the different slag systems are designed,and respectively with the help of Factsage software and empirical formulae to calculate the melting characteristics of the slag system,viscosity,electrical conductivity and other physical parameters,using laboratory slag metal balance experiments and field 2.5 t electroslag remelting experiments,the results show that, the optimal ESR slag system is 55CaF2-25Al2O3- 15CaO-5MgO.With use of the optimal slag system the average total oxygen content in steel is 41.98% lower than that with the traditional slag system,and can reduce the change in the total oxygen content of steel in different locations of electroslag ingot; as compared to the original slag system the number of 1-5 μm inclusions decreases by 31.25%.Through the slag system on inclusions control,it can improve class D inclusion in GCr15 bearing steel,rating level reaches 0.5,and can better“clean”electric slag ingot.关键词：Bearing Steel;GCr15;ESR;Slag;Cleanness5|4|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Carbide uniformity is one of the main factors affecting the fatigue performance of bearings.The crushing test steel balls made of GCr15 raw materials produced by different processes in steel mills is carried out,and the crushed steel balls are analyzed by carbide network and banded structure test.The experimental results show the crushing load increases with the prolongation of the high temperature diffusion time,and the crushing load increases more significantly with the controlled rolling and cooling on this basis.When the carbide particles are between2.5 and 6 μm,the larger the carbide particles are,the smaller the crushing load value is.The average crushing load of the steel ball is the highest which peach to 251.581 kN. While the high temperature diffusion temperature of the billet is 1220- 1240 ℃,the time is 16 h,and the final rolling temperature of the coil is 750-800 ℃,and the cooling speed is 4-5 ℃/s.关键词：CCr15 Bearing Steel;Carbide Network;Carbide Streak;Steel Ball;Crushing Load3|1|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：With the extension of high temperature diffusion time,the width of the carbide strip increases and the carbide particles become fine.According to the existing SEP 1520- 1998,CB/T 18254-2016 and ISO 5949- 1983 standard charts, the longer the diffusion time,the higher theband rating,which is contrary to the effect of improving process execution.In this papera new carbide band evaluation method is used to complete the carbide band rating based on the size of the carbide particles in the band,the evaluation results show that the longer high temperature diffusion time,the lower the corresponding carbide band rating.this method can more clearly,intuitively and scientifically proves the improvement of carbide particle refinement and distribution uniformity brought about by the improvement of high temperature diffusion.关键词：High Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel;Carbide Band;Carbide Particle;Rating Standard4|3|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The effect of smelting and processing technology of 30 t EAF-LF-VD-Φ200 mm electrode-Φ360 mm ESR ingot- 120 mm×120 mm forging billet-Φ50 mm rolled bar on the eutectic carbide in stainless bearing steel 9Cr18 is analyzed by optical microscope.Tested results show that,reduce the molded electrode pouring temperature from 1500- 1510 ℃ to 1485- 1495 ℃,reduce the ESR melting speed from4.5 kg/min to3.5kg/min,strengthen the electroslag remelting cooling conditions can effectively reduce the eutectic carbide in the original form in process of smelting; and the large carbide particles can be broken,the particle size can be reduced,and the degree of carbide band and network aggregation can be reduced by the way of forging penetration and large deformation to effectively improve the eutectic carbide rating of stainless bearing steel and reduce the carbide particle size.关键词：9Cr18 Stainless Bearing Steel;Eutectic Carbide;Temperature;Melting Rate;Cooling Conditions;Deformation;Carbide Particle Size3|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：Grain size is an important index to measure the quality of M50 bearing steel.By discussing the effect of annealing process on the grain size of M50 steel,in order to improve the coarse grain size and mixed grain of high temperature bearing steel M50 in the actual production process. The test results show that the grain size of M50 steel is not affected by appropriately increasing the annealing temperature and extending the holding time. It has been verified in actual production that the annealing process is changed from holding heat at 860 ℃ for 5 h to holding heat at 910 ℃ for 8h, which can im- prove the grain size and mixed crystal of M50 steel caused by insufficient uniformity of furnace temperature. In addition, it is verified that when the cooling rate is too fast after annealing and heat preservation, it is easy to cause coarse quenched grain of the finished bearing, which should be paid attention to in the actual production process.关键词：Grain Size;Mixed Grain;Annealing;Temperature;Time4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The production process of steelmarking bearing steel by 100 t converter is studied and analyzed with tlhermody namics. The co-operating control process of carbon preservation, dephosphorization, and temperature control (C-P-T) in converter steelmaking process is optimized and established and applied to produce bearing steel. The results show that the dephosphorization reaction in furnace does not stop immediately when the selective oxidation temperature of phosphorus and carbon comes but has a slow decay process. In order to meet the need of deep dephosphorization, the optimal time of first slagging out in early stage of the new process should be controlled between 350 s and 380 s, and the temperature range is 1 360-1 437 ℃. The decarburization rate model predicts that the decarburization rate of bearing steel in the late stage of smelting is (0. 21% -0. 28% )/min. In order to keep the requirement of carbon preservation and temperature control, the catch carbon and reblow can be adopted in the end phase of blowing to further accurately control the temperature of liquid steel. According to the production data statistics of a furnace service period, the heat ratio of end carbon, phosphorus and temperature hit the target at the same time accounts for 76.67% , and the purity of liquid steel is greatly improved.关键词：Converter;GCr15 Bearing Steel;Thermodynamics;Carbon Preservation Dephosphorization Temperature Control;Co-operating Control;Purity4|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The CCT curve of 100Cr6 bearing steel was measured by using thermal expansion instrument thermal simulation tester, metallographic microscope, field emission SEM,etc,it also studied the influence of thermal compression and controlled rolling and controlled cooling on network carbide precipitation behavior. The results show that: when the temperature of the secondary compression deformation decreases from 850 ℃ to700 ℃,the recrystallization refinement of austenite changes to non-recrystallization, and the secondary carbide gradually changed from closed network of grain boundary to semi-closed strip, short rod and then to chain along elongated austenite grain boundary, and the carbide was fine and dispersed in the range of 750-800 ℃.The Φ10 mm 100Cr6 wire adopts to control rolling and rapid cooling process from 910℃ to770 ℃. After hot rolling, spheroidal annealing and quenching and tempering, the carbide distribution uniformity is gradually improved, the austenite grain is refined from 8.0 grade to 10.0 grade, and the grain boundary carbide is trans- formed from closed mesh to discontinuous strip. The average thickness is reduced from 0.54 μm to 0.11 μm,and the network carbide level is reduced from33% of 3.0 grade to100% of 2.0 grade, which can shorten the spheroidizing annealing time and improve the fatigue life of bearings.关键词：100Cr6 Bearing Steel;CCT;Dynamic Phase Transformation;Controlled Rolling and Controlled Cooling;Network Carbide128|3|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：This paper summarizes the reports of latest developments on industrial application of continuous casting technology in high speed steel production abroad. In addition, and summarizes some Chinese enterprises and research institutions have done some research and industrial trial production in this field. It is suggested to increase investment on the research and development of continuous casting technology of high carbon and high alloy steel grades. Compared with the traditional casting, the research shows that continuous casting can reduce the thickness of coarse carbide by 40% and the grain size by 50%,and the carbide pattern is also changed from flat and lamellar to fibrous, which will facilitate the carbide refinement in the subsequent forging and rolling process.Finally,it is proposed that the continuous caster straightening machine,water cooling process,billet cross-section size and finished forging ratio can be optimized. If a breakthrough can be male in current technology of mature arc continous casting machine,it will be condueive to improve the quality of casting billet,and achieue industrial application of high carbon and high alloy die steel casting.关键词：High Speed Steel;Cold Working Die Steel;High-Carbon and High-Alloy Steel;Ledeburite Steel;Continuous Casting416|2|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：The influence of the inclination change of double-angle oxygen lance for 260 t BOF on the jet offset degree and fusion distance is studied through CFD numerical simulation. The jet characteristics of the double-angle six hole oxygen lance with I2°-15°to 14°-17° nozzle inclination are compared, and the jet offset coefficient A of the double-angle oxygen lance is defined. The results show that for two jets with different inclination angles of the double-angle six hole oxygen lance, the greater the inclination angle of the jet, the larger the offset degree and fusion distance of the jet. Compared with the jet offset degree, the influence of jet hole inclination on the fusion distance is dominant. Wlien one group has the same inclination angle, the larger the inclination angle of the other group, the greater the fusion distance, die smaller the migration degree, and the later the coalescence phenomenon occurs. The variation range of jet offset coefficient A is (3. 38 -4. 12) x10-3.关键词：260 t BOF;Double-angle Oxygen Lance;Fusion Distance;Radial Distance;Jet Offset Coefficient2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In order to study the effect of tellurium on sulfide morphology of non-quenched and tempered steel 38MnVS6 for automobile crankshaft,0.012% Te is added by feeding 70 m Mn-Te wire in the smelting process to achieve the purpose of tellurium treatment. The nonmetallic inclusions in Φ380 mm continuous casting round bloom and Φ105 mm hot rolling round bar are studied by metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope. Through the research, it is found that the morphology of sulfide is the same in the transverse and longitudinal direction of continuous casting bloom. MnS and MnTe form eutectic compounds, and the existence of MnTe changes the precipitation morphology of MnS,which can make the sulfide morphology change to short rod or even ellipsoid, and the overall length and size become smaller performance to reduce average length from 45 μm to 15 μm.Affer adding0.012%Te,MnTe and MnS inclusions occur solid solution, and the morphology of inclusions is very similar in both size and morphology in bloom and rolled bar, while the sulfide in rolled bar without Te treatment is obviously elongated with the rolling direction.关键词：非调钢38MnVS6;硫化物;碲处理;夹杂物形态4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：By experimental research and analysis, it is clear that weak adhesion between columnar grains is the main reason for continuous cast bloom crack of 37Mn gas vessel steel. Factors that affect grain cohesion are analized by means of tensile test, SEM and dilatometer equipment, as well as optical microscopy. The results show that as increase in Al content from 0.007% yo0.033%%,hot ductility of the steel at 800 ℃ predominantly reduces while the volumn effect of A-F/P phase transformation increases. Micro cracks and voids tend to nucleate at grain boundry. Concentration of Al,P,S at grain boundry is also one reason of crack formation at the same time. Improvement measures are brought forward on that basis such as reducing N content from0.0080% to (0.0040%-0.0060%), adding small amount of Cr (0.20%-0.25%) and Mo (0.05%-0.08%), as well as soft cooling the cast bloom in the range of 750-600 ℃, the phase transformation stresses and thermal stresses are reduced effectively to avoid crack formation and spreading in the continuous cast bloom of 37Mn gas vessel steel.关键词：Al;Cr-Mo Microalloying;37Mn Steel;Continuous Cast bloom;Crack;Improvement Measure2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In this paper,the SA-540 high strength and high toughness steel for fasteners is obtained by the optimization of composition(/%:0.35-0.46C,0.6-1.0Cr,1.50-2.05Ni,0. 18-0.32Mo,0. 1V),the reasonable formulation of smelting process(3t VIM+ ESR)and heat treatment process(re-heat treated at 850 ℃ for2 h water cooling+590 ℃ for 5 h water cooling). The results show that in order to ensure the specified plastic elongation strength Rp0.2≥860 MPa of SA-540 steel at 300 ℃,the tensile strength at room temperature should be controlled in the range of 1150- 1170 MPa, with only a strength window of 20 MPa. For the materials whose tensile strength at room temperature exceeds the standard after quenching at 850℃ for 2 h/water cooling +tempering at 560℃ for 5h/water cooling, the tensile properties of the alloy steel can meet the index requirements by reheating and quenching at 850 ℃ for2 h/water cooling + tempering at 590 ℃5 h/water cooling. With the increase of tempering temperature after quenching, the tensile strength and yield strength of SA- 540 steel decrease, and the elongation and reduction of area of steel increase. Adding 0. 1% vanadium to SA-540 steel can obviously improve the strength and plasticity of steel, but the low-temperature impact property decreases significantly.关键词：SA-540 Alloy Steel;Fastener;Heat Treatment;Tensile Properties2|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
- 摘要：In order to study the control of 90 t BOF-RH-LF-CC flowsheet produced ultra-low carbon steel AISI 1006 inclusions, the sample was taken at different sampling point at cross section of 200 mm×200 mm cast bloom to analyze inclusions, the analysis results show that the ratio of inclusions of small particles in the steel are relatively large, and the inclusions with size of5- 10 μm accounted for90. 1%,3.6% of the 10- 13 μm,and5.4% above 13 μm,and the larger size inclusions are mainly distributed in the center of the casting bloom. The largest distribution of inclusions is at the length of side 1/4 of the cast billet, followed by the near center, and the least inclusions near the surface of the cast bloom. The inclusions in the casting bloom are mainly Al2O3Al2O3·CaO · (CaS ·MnS),Al2O3·CaO ·MgO · (CaS ·MnS),MgO · Al2O3· (CaS ·MnS)composite inclusions, which are endogenous inclusions. The process optimization is carried out, RH high vacuum holding time is controlled for more than 15 minutes, Deoxygenation slagging and desulfurization be controlled well during LF refining, the refining time is controlled for within 90 minutes, the alkalinity of the refining final slag is 6 to 7, the silicon calcium line is fed before leaving the station for modification treatment, the soft blowing time is controlled for more than 25 minutes, the continuous casting is well protected, the tundish large argon flow is purged for more than 10 minutes to avoid the secondary oxidation, the inclusions are controlled in the direction of calcium aluminate, and the T.O content of molten steel is reduced, after process optimization, T.O content of mloren steel ≤20×10-6rate of B 、D 、Ds inclusion≤1.0.关键词：Ultra-Low Carbon Steel AISI 1006;200 mm×200 mm Cast Billet;Number of Inclusions;Component;Process Improvements3|0|0更新时间：2026-01-21
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